Manifestations contrary to Islam during the Abbasid Caliphate (232-334 AH / 846-945 AD)

Abstract

The second Abbasid era (232–334 AH / 846–945 AD) represents one of the most turbulent periods in Islamic history. This stage was marked by severe political unrest,deep social transformations, and profound economic changes that created a new reality in which many foundational principles of the early Abbasid Caliphate disappeared.The Caliphate no longer embodied the Islamic project that guaranteed justice and equality, but became a field of conflict between rival powers seeking dominance beyond legitimate standards. These overall transformations appeared in multiple forms contradicting Islamic teachings. Politically, the Caliph’s authority declined, becoming a ceremonial façade,while military leaders seized power by force.Economically, mismanagement of the treasury spread and taxes on the public increased. Socially, class distinctions intensified, and religiously, practices emerged contradicting Islam, notably granting sacred titles to Caliphs. Culturally and intellectually,Greek,Persian,and Indian currents entered through the translation movement.