A peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on the humanities. It is the first journal published by the University of Wasit and covers all fields of the humanities as well as various languages. Research submissions come from different universities in Iraq and across the Arab world. The journal is published quarterly, and the submitted research undergoes evaluation by reviewers both within and outside the university. Publication dates for our Journal are as follows: 1st of the month of February 1st of the month of May 1st of the month of August 1st of the month of November How to register in the journal, upload the file, and respond to the editor's messages 4. September 2025 - YouTube How to synchronize and link your ORCID account with your account in Wasit Journal for Humanities Recording 2026 03 15 095655 Journal Name Wasit Journal for Human Sciences Archiving Online ISSN Print ISSN 2790-346X 1812-0512 Frequency Quarterly DOI prefix 10.31185 Editor-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Hashim Aliwi Muhammad Al-Husseini University of Wasit / College of Education for Humanities / Department of English hilewi@uowasit.edu.iq Organized by: Wasit University Acceptance Rate: 40% Review Speed: 90 days Before submission, you must ensure that your paper has been prepared using the journal's template and that it adheres to the submission guidelines. Online Submission Do you already have a username/password for WJFH? Go to Login Need a username/password? Go to Registration Registration and login are required to submit items online and to check the status of current submissions.
The Effect of the Appleton Model on Developing Creative Thinking among Female Students of the Institute of Fine Arts in the Course of Mural Art
The present study aims to: 1. Identify the effect of the Appleton Model on developing creative thinking in the subject of mural art. 2. Determine the magnitude of this effect. To verify the first objective, two null hypotheses were formulated: There are no statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in the pre-test of creative thinking. There are no statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level between the mean scores of the pre-test and post-test of the experimental group. The researcher adopted an experimental method using a pre–post design with a single group. The instrument was administered to a purposive sample of 60 female students, and the data were analyzed using the SPSS program. The results revealed that the steps of the model contributed effectively to the development of creative thinking. Accordingly, the study recommended adopting this model and proposed conducting further studies on other art subjects.
Appleton model, creative thinking, mural art
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Sama Alaalden Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Adverbs of Time and Place in the Poem of Pure Benevolence
This study examines the role of adverbs of time and place in the story Adoration of Pure Benevolence by Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh, showing how they move beyond their grammatical function to shape narrative structure, characterization, and social criticism. The research focuses on how these adverbs become conceptual and ideological tools in the fictional text. Using a qualitative descriptive-analytical method, the study analyzes sentences from the story containing adverbs of time and place. These examples were identified, classified according to their type and position, and examined from semantic and narrative perspectives. The research includes theoretical discussions on adverbs in traditional and modern grammar, a review of previous studies, and a detailed analysis of their functions in the story. The findings reveal that adverbs of time organize the sequence of events and highlight value conflicts, while adverbs of place construct narrative space and deepen indirect characterization and social criticism.
adverbs of time, adverbs of place, grammatical and semantic role, critical humor.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hayder Ali Khashan AL-Janabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Soviet Position on the U.S. Military Embargo against Turkey during the Cyprus Crisis (1974–1980)
Following the invasion of the island of Cyprus by Turkish forces and Turkey’s use of NATO weaponry, the United States imposed a military embargo on Turkey. The Soviet Union exploited the ensuing disagreements between Turkey and the United States, which led to a rapprochement between the two sides and the signing of a political document between them. This development provoked concern in the United States, prompting its government to exert pressure on the U.S. Congress to lift the embargo on Turkey, distance it from the Soviet Union, and restore the use of military bases in Turkey.
military embargo, Cyprus, political document, joint defense, military bases, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Prof. Dr.Qabil mohsin kadhim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mitigation in the Quran: A Pragmatic Study of Prophets’ Language Addressing their People by the words “O My People”
This pragmatic study investigates mitigation strategies in prophetic discourse within the Quran, specifically examining the communicative function of the address term "O My People" (يَا قَوْمِ). The research adopts an analytical-descriptive methodology grounded in pragmatics and politeness theory, utilizing Ali and Salih's (2020) taxonomy of mitigation devices. Through qualitative content analysis and semantic interpretation supported by classical Tafsir to the 49 Quranic verses across multiple surah’s sources, the study identifies the linguistic and pragmatic objectives underlying this recurring rhetorical pattern. Findings reveal that the phrase "O My People" functions as a strategic mitigation device that softens illocutionary force, enhances interpersonal rapport, and facilitates receptive engagement with divine guidance. The analysis demonstrates that prophets consistently prioritized compassion, politeness, and persuasive dialogue over authoritative assertion, thereby modelling ethical communication aligned with Maqasid al-Sharia. The study concludes that mitigation in prophetic addressing serves both linguistic and theological purposes: it reflects divine mercy, promotes social harmony, and optimizes the reception of religious messages.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sabaah Abd Alhassan Alhamid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Character and Place Between Dissonance and Belonging in Contemporary Iraqi Short Story: The Stories of “Ikhtifaa” (Disappearance) by Ismail Sakran: A Case Study
The significance of space in narrative texts stems from its role as a domain that encompasses both personal experience and events, while also contributing fundamentally to the artistic structure of literary work. From this perspective, the aesthetic qualities that narrative space imparts to the text can be observed through the diversity of its artistic possibilities. Accordingly, space emerges as an active element in narrative discourse, extending its influence across multiple semantic trajectories and carrying psychological, social, and symbolic dimensions. In this context, the character—conceived as a dynamic element—becomes a reflection of the tension between the spaces with and within which it interacts. This gives rise to a notable narrative phenomenon, manifested in the division of the character between two distinct spheres: a space of belonging and a space of estrangement.
Keywords: Dissonance, Belonging, , Place
Asst. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Hassan Abbas AL-Zaidi
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Prof. Dr. Muhammad Hassan Abbas AL-Zaidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of the Imaginal World in Proving Bodily Resurrection in the Philosophy of Mulla Sadra
Mullah Sadra, the Iranian philosopher, utilized the world of imagination to demonstrate the corporeal resurrection as part of his comprehensive philosophical vision. He regarded the "fantasy world" as a crucial element connecting the spiritual and material realms. Sadra aimed to reconcile Islamic teachings with philosophical concepts, viewing imagination as a bridge that allows the soul to transition from the spiritual to the material world, thereby enhancing the understanding of the body-soul relationship. In his philosophy, the body is recreated in the afterlife based on the principle of unity between body and soul. The fantasy world serves as a space where images are formed, enabling the conceptualization of the body's reconstruction as a real event. Through the concept of intrinsic motion, Sadra argues that everything in the universe is in constant evolution toward perfection, reflecting his pursuit of harmony between religion and philosophy within Islamic culture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sadiq Hassan Sadiq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Psychological Regression and Its Manifestations among University Students
*]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:5dd585be-3aa7-4528-b0c1-59df2f279f8b-1" data-testid="conversation-turn-4" data-scroll-anchor="false" data-turn="assistant"> The present study aimed to identify the level of psychological regression and its manifestations among university students, as well as to examine the significance of statistical differences according to gender, developmental stage, specialization, academic level, and employment status. The sample consisted of 457 students from ten universities. The Psychological Regression Scale, developed for this study, was administered electronically after establishing its validity and reliability, and data were analyzed using SPSS. The results indicated that 20% of students experienced psychological regression. However, no statistically significant difference was found between the sample mean and the theoretical mean. The findings further revealed that students did not exhibit manifestations of psychological regression except for hysterical laughter and nostalgia for the past. Finally, no statistically significant differences appeared across all variables. The study recommended establishing emotional ventilation units and suggested examining the relationship between psychological regression and childhood experiences.
Psychological Regression, Regression Psychological Theories, University Students
Copyright (c) 2026 Prof. Dr. Abdulrazzaq Mohsin Saud Alrubyae https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of organizational performance on organizational reputation An analytical study in the Central Agency for Standardization and Quality Control
The current research analyzes the impact of organizational performance on organizational reputation in public organizations. Its significance arises from environmental challenges that compel organizations to enhance performance to maintain their standing and improve their public image. The research problem concerns the unclear relationship between organizational performance levels and the organization’s position in its external environment, while examining the contribution of dimensions—job satisfaction, work commitment, training, and development—to organizational reputation dimensions: social responsibility, service quality, and innovation. A descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, with data collected via a questionnaire from 153 employees at the Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 24 and Excel 2010, employing weighted mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, simple linear regression, and path analysis. The study found a significant impact of organizational performance on enhancing organizational reputation and improving internal and external standing.
Organizational Performance, Organizational Reputation, Central Organization for Standardization and Quality Control.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fatima Naeem Hamish Al-Daraji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Levels of Attention of Iraqi Electronic News Websites to Environmental Pollution Issues: An Analytical Study Shafaq News Website and the Iraqi News Agency
*]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:2548eabc-a74c-45e6-9452-0d3afe3ab559-0" data-testid="conversation-turn-2" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> This study examines how Iraqi electronic news websites address environmental pollution issues through a comparative analysis of the Iraqi News Agency and Shafaq News. Using a descriptive–analytical method and content analysis, the research evaluates 651 media items published over a defined period. The results show that coverage of environmental issues is generally limited and lacks consistency. The Iraqi News Agency tends to rely heavily on official narratives and government sources, presenting information in a factual, report-like style. In contrast, Shafaq News demonstrates greater diversity by incorporating opinion pieces, investigative journalism, and both international and field-based sources. It also adopts a more emotional and human-centered discourse. The study concludes that environmental media coverage in Iraq requires significant improvement, emphasizing the need for greater specialization, more diverse sources, and the use of interactive approaches to enhance audience engagement and awareness of environmental concerns.
electronic news websites; environmental pollution; Shafaq News; Iraqi News Agency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Prof. Dr. Ali Abdulhussein Alwan Al-Alkakawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Framework of Digital Financial Control over Public Budget Implementation: An Analytical Study in Light of the Federal Financial Management Act
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:2a9468e1-7123-4eb3-a701-6f9f9ae331ab-0" data-testid="conversation-turn-2" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> This study examines the legal framework for automating financial oversight of Iraq's public budget, highlighting the shortcomings of traditional paper-based auditing in limiting corruption. It focuses on Federal Financial Management Law No. 6 of 2019, which mandates the adoption of the Integrated Financial Management Information System (IFMIS) and the Treasury Single Account (TSA), as well as Electronic Signature Law No. 78 of 2012. Using a legal-analytical approach, the study identifies gaps between legislative provisions and actual institutional implementation. The findings reveal that although existing laws establish a strong basis for preventive oversight, effective execution remains constrained by outdated accounting instructions, continued dependence on physical documentation, and cybersecurity concerns. The study concludes that achieving successful digital transformation requires revising financial regulations to fully recognize digital records and enable remote auditing, thereby aligning Iraq’s oversight practices with international standards and strengthening the protection of public funds. <div class="bg-token-bg-primary dark:bg-token-bg-elevated-primary corner-superellipse/1.1 cursor-text overflow-clip bg-clip-padding p-2.5 contain-inline-size motion-safe:transition-colors motion-safe:duration-200 motion-safe:ease-in-out grid grid-cols-[auto_1fr_auto] [grid-template-areas:'header_header_header'_'leading_primary_trailing'_'._footer_.'] group-data-expanded/composer:[grid-template-areas:'header_header_header'_'primary_primary_primary'_'leading_footer_trailing'] shadow-short-composer" data-composer-surface="true">
Copyright (c) 2026 Hayder Rasim Oudah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The extent to which graduate students’ use ChatGPT technology in preparing theses and dissertations in light of scientific research ethics
This study examines the use of ChatGPT techniques by higher education students in completing academic theses and dissertations، with a focus on the ethical challenges and obstacles encountered in scientific research. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and involved a sample of) 75(postgraduate students from Higher Diploma، Master’s، and PhD programs. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using various statistical methods، including percentages، the Likert scale، weighted arithmetic means، standard deviations، coefficients of variation، and measures of relative importance. The findings indicate that a significant proportion of students (59.6%)acknowledged the advantages of using ChatGPT in academic writing، particularly in accelerating the research process and saving time and effort. The study concludes that promoting student participation in workshops and seminars is essential to enhance awareness of the ethical use of ChatGPT and to guide students toward responsible، secure، and reliable application of this technology in achieving their academic goal
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence - ChatGPT Technology - Scientific Integrity - Research Ethics
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Waleed Abdel Latif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Framing Conflict: CNN’s Discourse of Geopolitical Institutionalization during the Syrian Regime Collapse
This paper will combine s the three-dimensional model by Fairclough, and the ideological square developed by van Dijk to examine the online coverage by CNN during the discursive turning point of the Syrian regime collapse in December 2024. The recurrent negative other-presentation, and positive self-presentation are indicated in a narrow set of five high-impact articles. Textually, CNN uses dysphemistic labels, and dehumanizing imagery, including repeated mention of the “slaughterhouse” prison, to construct moral binaries. In transitivity, and sourcing, opposition actors receive active agency, while actions by Western-aligned actors, including Israeli airstrikes, are mitigated through necessity frames, and strategic rationales. At the level of social practice, these choices converge in a narrative that legitimizes intervention, and casts the collapse as a geopolitical win over Russia, Iran. The article proposes a critical-juncture design that links micro-linguistic choices to ideological polarization at a single moment. It offers a template for analysing aligned conflict reporting.
Framing, Syrian conflict, CDA, CNN, van Dijk.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Prof. Dr. Hamid Tarad Lafta Omairi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Folk art between aethetic and technical dimensions and its reflection in the works of the Department of Art Education
Folk art is one of the arts full of visual forms that carry aesthetic stocks and technical mechanisms that work to build a correlational relationship between heritage values ​​and the contemporary perspective. The research may consist of four chapters, the first of which includes the research problem. The problem was crystallized through answering the following question: What is folk art between the aesthetic and technical dimensions and its reflection in the outputs of the Department of Art Education? Then came its importance, its goal and its limits, leading to the definition of terms. As for the second chapter, it included two sections. The first: the aesthetic and technical dimensions of postmodern art, the second: the concept of folk art, then the third chapter including the research procedures and methodology, leading up to the fourth chapter starting with the research results and conclusions, and the research concluded with the sources.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raghad Jassim Hassan Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Social Imaginary of Youth Toward Freedom and Democracy: A Field Study in the City of Baghdad
This study explores the social imaginary of university youth and their perceptions of freedom and democracy through the lens of Cornelius Castoriadis’s theory. It views these concepts as imaginary significations shaped by the collective imaginary. However, everyday social reality reveals gaps in understanding and internalizing these ideas, leading to distorted practices and a disconnect from the institutional frameworks that give them meaning and legitimacy. The study argues that the absence or distortion of these shared meanings in collective consciousness contributes to weakened democratic practices and a diminished sense of citizenship. Therefore, reconfiguring the social imaginary is essential to restore balance between institutional structures and daily practices. Using a social survey methodology, the study relies on a scale-based questionnaire to examine how university youth perceive freedom and democracy in practice, and to assess the clarity and stability of these concepts within their consciousness.
social imaginary, freedom, democracy, Castoriadis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lect. DR. Noor Khalid Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Political power and its impact on the stability of the political system
The study examines the relationship between the legitimacy of political authority and the stability of the political system through a theoretical and applied analysis within the context of the modern state. It aims to clarify the concepts of political authority and legitimacy, analyze their sources and types, and explain their impact on the effectiveness of the political system. It also identifies the determinants of stability from institutional, legal, and societal perspectives، The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach by reviewing relevant literature and theoretical models and linking them to political reality. It concludes that political legitimacy is the foundation of system stability; its absence leads to fragility and increased vulnerability to crises, while its presence enhances the system’s capacity to manage challenges and adapt to changes, ensuring its continuity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hadeel Naser Jassim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Renewal of Islamic Theology and Its Role in Facing the Challenges of Atheism in Contemporary Islamic Thought
The renewal of Islamic theology (ʿilm al-kalām) seeks to enhance Islamic doctrinal thought in response to contemporary atheism. Its primary goal is to reformulate religious concepts to effectively counter rising atheistic ideas, especially amid modern scientific and technological advancements. This renewal process leverages modern rational and scientific evidence to strengthen Islamic beliefs, fostering a deeper faith-based understanding among younger generations. It emphasizes the Importance of integrating religious sciences with empirical and intellectual fields through specialized educational centers that combine these disciplines. Additionally, the renewal encourages intellectual dialogue among various thought currents to clarify misconceptions and promote balanced perspectives that reinforce faith. These efforts aim to establish Islamic theology as a powerful tool for addressing atheistic doubts and preserving religious values in today's society.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hazim Zahraw Sahin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Digital Stress on the Quality of Professional Performance among Iraqi Journalists: A Survey Study in a Rapidly Evolving Work Environment
This study aims to examine the relationship between digital stress and the quality of professional performance among Iraqi journalists operating in a fast-paced media environment, drawing on the Job Demands–Resources (JD–R) model. The study adopts a quantitative survey design and employs a multidimensional questionnaire to measure digital stress through its principal dimensions: digital overload, multitasking across platforms, and notification pressure. Professional performance quality is assessed through indicators including the accuracy of information verification, the quality of writing and editing, time management, and task completion. A rapidly evolving journalistic work environment is incorporated as a moderating variable within the study’s analytical framework. The study sample consists of 200 male and female journalists representing governmental, private, independent, and local media institutions. Data were analyzed using SPSS through descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple linear regression, one-way ANOVA, and interaction (moderation) analysis. The findings reveal a statistically significant negative relationship between digital stress and the quality of professional performance, with the effect intensifying in high-velocity journalistic environments.
Digital stress; Professional performance quality; Digital journalism; Fast-paced work environment; Iraqi journalists
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhannad Mohammed Mohsen,Assistant Professor Dr. Mohammed Abu Tarboush https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Jerusalemite Judges Migrating to Egypt and Their Impact on Public Life during the Mamluk Era (648–923 AH / 1250–1517 CE)
This study aims to uncover the role of judges and their activities in the construction and development of the judicial system. Egyptian society had been subject to Roman authority, under which Roman administrative and legal systems were implemented. Following the Islamic conquest of Egypt, however, the nature of life in the country changed at all political, economic, and social levels. The Rightly Guided Caliphs undertook the implementation of Islamic systems in governance, assigning this task to distinguished Companions and judges from Egypt, who were entrusted with transforming the former administrative and judicial system. Judges from other Islamic regions also played a significant role, particularly the judges of Ascalon, who enriched the system through their knowledge and expertise. As a result, Egyptian society adopted Islamic systems in which justice and equality prevailed, oppression was removed, rights were affirmed, and transgression against others was prohibited. The study is divided into three sections: the judiciary and its importance, the Mamluk state, and the judges of Ascalon in Egypt during the Mamluk era.
Judges – Al Sultan – Al-Maqdisi – Al City – Egypt
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Prof. Malik Mahdi Hayef https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Displacement in Mustafa Jamal al-Din's Poetry: A Stylistic Study
This research aims to examine the manifestations of deviation (linguistic and stylistic “defamiliarization”) in the poetry of Mustafa Jamal al-Din, by identifying its syntactic, semantic, and metaphorical forms, and by analyzing selected poetic examples from his work. The study reveals that deviation in Mustafa Jamal al-Din’s poetry is not merely a rhetorical device, but an effective mechanism for constructing a distinctive poetic experience that balances tradition and modernity, while granting the text continuously renewed semantic dimensions. It further demonstrates that the poet skillfully employed deviation as a means of enhancing his creative and expressive capacities, resulting in poetic texts rich in intellectual and artistic connotations that contribute to the enrichment of modern Arabic poetry. The findings also indicate that deviation played a significant role in enriching his poetic experience by introducing aesthetic and semantic dimensions that break conventional patterns and open new horizons for the reader’s interpretive engagement.
Deviation, Mustafa Jamal Al-Din, Stylistics, Modern Arabic Poetry.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst.Lect. Duaa Jalil Alwan Al-Shuhani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of Using a Gamification Strategy in Developing English language Skills for EFL Students
Using educational games to educate and learn English greatly advances the objective of language acquisition through social interaction and peer learning, particularly vital due to the increasing population of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. This study examines the effects of game use on young children's English proficiency to work on the presentation of sixth-grade EFL students in English class at Mostaqbal primary School in Baghdad/Iraq, focusing on aspects such as anxiety from peer pressure, vocabulary learning, and motivation. Prior research confirms the value of games in language teaching, essential for child development. The study involved fifty sixth-grade EFL students, employing both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Results indicated improved student enthusiasm, increased vocabulary acquisition, and reduced anxiety during gaming in class. The primary aim was to explore the relationship between English competency and game usage. Incorporating games in the classroom not only alleviates stress but also enhances student engagement and enjoyment in learning. The educational implications of gaming elements for improving English proficiency and learner attitudes are thoroughly discussed.
Motivation; vocabulary acquisition; anxiety; games
Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Fahmi Aajami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Exclusive Dramatic Content on Arab Digital Platforms (Shahid & Watch It) on the Value System of the Arab Family: An Analytical Study in Light of Cultivation Theory
Shahid and Watch It. It aims to uncover the implications of exclusive dramatic content on the value system of the Arab family by analyzing the concept of the “ceiling of dramatic freedom” and the non-traditional narrative and dramatic spaces it enables. The study adopts a qualitative descriptive-analytical approach, drawing on Cultivation Theory as an interpretive framework to explain the effects of repeated and intensive exposure to dramatic content on the formation of social perceptions and values. The study is applied to a purposive sample of exclusive dramatic works, namely the series Azmat Montasaf Al-Umr (Midlife Crisis) and Revo. The findings indicate that exclusive dramatic content does not merely reflect social transformations but actively contributes to reshaping the value system of the Arab family. This is achieved through expanding the boundaries of dramatic freedom, redefining gender roles, weakening patriarchal authority, and normalizing behavioral patterns that were previously socially rejected within the contemporary digital viewing environment.
Digital platforms, Cultivation Theory, value system, Arab family, ceiling of dramatic freedom, exclusive dramatic content, Shahid, Watch It.
Copyright (c) 2026 Haider Alawi Ni‘mah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Military Role in Confronting Seditions and Disturbances in al-Andalus during the Period of the Governors 92–138 AH / 711–756 CE
This research addresses the clarification of the military role during the period of the governors and the manner in which it was developed in al-Andalus in the era spanning 92–138 AH. During this period, the Islamic state faced numerous challenges and difficulties, including complex security, political, and administrative issues arising from the geographical nature of the region and the diversity of its social components. Consequently, most governors in al-Andalus undertook the reconstruction and reorganization of the military structure. The study also aims to explain and analyze the ways in which the governors dealt with various revolts, which constituted a serious and direct threat to internal stability under their rule. This research examines the strategies and plans devised by these governors to confront all challenges and external incursions, as well as the defensive and offensive methods they implemented to achieve victory. Support was directed toward the frontier regions, their fortifications were strengthened, and periodic campaigns of a preventive nature were organized in order to assess conditions before they escalated beyond control.
(role, military, confrontation, strife, unrest, era, governors ).
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Shaker Hamza https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Organized Violence Among University Students: An Empirical Study at the University of Baghdad
Iraqi society has undergone substantial social changes that have had a direct impact on people's lives., poor government institutions, and a fragile rule of law, have allowed criminal groups to increase their impact. The research examines the rising issue of organized violence among adolescents, particularly in universities, to uncover the most prevalent forms. It aims to characterize coordinated violence and investigate its origins, contributing variables, and primary forms. The research is important for advancing sociological and psychological knowledge of this phenomenon in academic contexts by studying its origins and manifestations. The theoretical portion addresses the ideas of violence and youth, as well as the origins and types of organized violence. The field study focuses on university students, employing a questionnaire and descriptive-analytical techniques, with data analyzed using SPSS. According to findings, economic factors are a major factor contributing to the prevalence of organized violence among young people in institutions.
: Organized Violence، University Youth، University،
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst.Hadeel Hasan Mahmood https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Ideology of Violence in the Philosophy of Dennis Smith (Globalization and Its Sustainable Development)
The ideology of violence has emerged as a significant theme occupying the attention of contemporary philosophers. Their discussions have evolved beyond viewing it as a transient phenomenon affecting isolated individuals, extending instead to encompass comprehensive and integrated systems of thought. Within this context, the work of Dennis Smith represents a notable attempt to examine the ideology of violence as manifested in globalization. According to this perspective, globalization has instrumentalized the concept of sustainable development as a means of asserting dominance and perpetuating the interests of major powers and their institutions, which employ policies designed to secure control over global resources. At the level of lived human experience, globalization has generated feelings of alienation from reality, inferiority toward the “other,” and tendencies toward resentment and retaliation, while simultaneously marginalizing questions of genuine social integration among societies. Consequently, globalization can no longer be regarded as a trajectory of human progress or a purely civilizational condition; rather, it has contributed to intensifying global conflict and violence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hussein Dhnoon Salim Al-Allaf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Analytical Study of the Extent to Which Transitional Scaffolding Is Employed in Developing Receptive Language Skills among Second-Grade Intermediate Female Students in Al-Anbar Governorate
The aim of this study was to conduct an analytical investigation into the extent to which transitional scaffolding is employed in developing receptive language skills among second-grade intermediate female students in Al-Anbar Governorate. The study adopted a quasi-descriptive analytical approach. The study population consisted of all Arabic language teachers in Al-Anbar Governorate, Iraq, while the sample was a purposive sample comprising (80) female teachers. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Among the most prominent findings was that the degree to which Arabic language female teachers employed transitional scaffolding skills was at a moderate level. In addition, no statistically significant differences were found between the mean scores of the overall degree of employing transitional scaffolding skills attributable to years of teaching experience.
Analytical study; Employment; Transitional scaffolding; Receptive language skills; Arabic language.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rasha Aeadah Khalaf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cultural Pluralism and Social Coexistence in Iraq after 2003 An Analytical Perspective
This research aims to study cultural diversity and social coexistence in Iraq after 2003 from an analytical perspective, with a focus on the impact of political and social transformations on the relationships among the different components of society, Iraq suffers from significant ethnic and religious diversity, including Arabs, Kurds, Turkmen, Shabak, and Kerdan, in addition to religious diversity that includes Shiites, Sunnis, Christians, Kaka’i, and other minorities, this diversity is considered a cultural and civilizational wealth, yet it also represents a major challenge if the relationships among the components are not managed in a way that reinforces national unity and mutual trust, the study focuses on identifying the challenges facing coexistence such as sectarian and ethnic conflicts, weak trust between groups, and the rise of sub-group affiliations at the expense of the national identity of civil society, contributing to building a cohesive Iraqi society capable of facing the challenges of the present and the future.
Cultural Pluralism, Coexistence, Social Diversity
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م. رسل علي وآلي، ا.م.د. حمزة جواد خضير (مؤلف) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analyzing the Impact of Climate Change on the Dynamics (Density and Distribution) of Vegetation Cover in the Northern and Northeastern Parts of Wasit Governorate Using Remote Sensing Indices for the Period 2005–2025
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:9035071f-e8f9-4e61-99eb-7506525541c2-1" data-testid="conversation-turn-4" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> This study analyzes the impact of climate change on vegetation cover and thermal conditions in northern and northeastern Wasit Governorate between 2005 and 2025 using remote sensing data and GIS techniques. Several indices were applied, including the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI), vegetation condition and health indices (VCI, VHI, TCI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST). The results indicate significant spatial and temporal variability in climatic conditions, directly influencing land cover dynamics. Large areas experienced moderate to severe dryness, while humid zones remained limited. This was associated with a clear decline in vegetation cover and increased thermal stress. The findings also reveal an inverse relationship between vegetation and thermal indices, suggesting that reduced vegetation contributes to higher surface temperatures. Overall, the study highlights the strong interdependence between climate, vegetation, and temperature in regions with high climatic variability. <div class="bg-token-bg-primary dark:bg-token-bg-elevated-primary corner-superellipse/1.1 cursor-text overflow-clip bg-clip-padding p-2.5 contain-inline-size motion-safe:transition-colors motion-safe:duration-200 motion-safe:ease-in-out grid grid-cols-[auto_1fr_auto] [grid-template-areas:'header_header_header'_'leading_primary_trailing'_'._footer_.'] group-data-expanded/composer:[grid-template-areas:'header_header_header'_'primary_primary_primary'_'leading_footer_trailing'] shadow-short-composer" data-composer-surface="true">
Copyright (c) 2026 Mayada Talib Kadhim Hamid Al-Rubbai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Teacher Training Programme for English Teachers at University of Duhok: A Critical Analysis
The present paper investigates the teacher training programme for English teachers at the University of Duhok. It is also to analyze the available type of In-service teachers’ training programme in terms of skills, capabilities and techniques. To collect the opinions of teachers a questionnaire has been prepared. In addition, qualitative data were collected during the interviews. For the present study, the sample comprises altogether 44 English teachers. It has been found from the present study that English teachers at the Department of English, College of Basic Education at the University of Duhok do not get enough scope for their Professional Development. Though some of the teachers have a plan yet they are unaware as to how far that will be materialized. Data shows that majority of the teachers have attended In-service teacher training programmes only once in their teaching career which is not sufficient concerning their continuous professional growth.
Teacher, teacher training, programme training
Copyright (c) 2026 اسماء يحيى قاسم https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
“Artificial Intelligence in Television Production and Its Implications for the Organizational Management of Television Institutions”
The contemporary media sector is undergoing rapid transformations driven by the development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, which have become a central engine of digital transformation, particularly in television production. Intelligent algorithms and advanced data analytics have reshaped content production and management, making AI a strategic element that enhances planning, operational efficiency, and decision-making within media institutions. Despite growing international interest, studies remain limited in addressing its organizational and managerial implications comprehensively. This study analyzes AI’s role in advancing television production and examines its impact on organizational structures, professional roles, and work patterns. Using a descriptive-survey approach, it reviews professional and organizational practices. Findings indicate that integrating these technologies significantly improves and accelerates production efficiency, supports data-driven management, requires advanced digital skills, and presents professional challenges that demand effective coordination between intelligent systems and editorial processes
Artificial intelligence, television production, organizational management, media institutions, digital transformation
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lecturer. Shebat Al-Hamd Jabbar Sajit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Arab Scholars’ Perspectives on the Conflict between Samāʿ (Attested Usage) and Qiyās (Analogical Reasoning) in the Arabic Lexicon
*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-(--header-height)" dir="auto" data-turn-id="11bef50f-9290-493e-8725-5922ecc4e8b6" data-testid="conversation-turn-1" data-scroll-anchor="false" data-turn="user"> *]:pointer-events-auto [content-visibility:auto] supports-[content-visibility:auto]:[contain-intrinsic-size:auto_100lvh] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:f5b2ed95-2795-467c-81b8-a707c911ca2f-0" data-testid="conversation-turn-2" data-scroll-anchor="true" data-turn="assistant"> This study addresses a subtle linguistic issue represented by the conflict between samāʿ (attested usage) and qiyās (analogical reasoning) in the Arabic lexicon. This issue has occupied scholars since the earliest periods of the Arabic language due to its significant impact on the formation of grammatical rules and standards of eloquence. The study aims to survey the perspectives of both classical and modern Arab scholars by analyzing their positions regarding the primacy of samāʿ over qiyās, or vice versa, and clarifying the theoretical foundations of each approach. Furthermore, it examines the implications of this conflict for lexicographical practice, particularly how lexicographers have dealt with lexical items attested through usage without analogical support, or those derived through analogy without evidence. The study presents applied examples from major Arabic dictionaries and adopts a descriptive, analytical, and comparative methodology, concluding that reconciling samāʿ and qiyās is a methodological necessity.
Copyright (c) 2026 زين العابدين محمد عبد الجبار (مؤلف) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of digital media on developing public relations strategies and shaping corporate image in Iraqi government institutions
This study examined the impact of digital media on developing public relations strategies and building corporate image in Iraqi governmental and service institutions, aiming to bridge the knowledge gap regarding the actual use of digital media. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, employing a questionnaire administered to a stratified purposive sample of 90 individuals, distributed across the following axes: digital media use, corporate image building, and organizational and technical challenges. Due to the non-normality of the data, non-parametric statistical methods such as Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, and Bootstrapping were used. The results showed that digital media use positively impacts corporate image building (R² = 0.752, p < 0.001), while challenges did not appear to have a direct impact when controlling for the independent variable. Statistically significant differences were found for some demographic variables.
Digital Media – Corporate Image – Public Relations-Iraqi government
Copyright (c) 2026 . Ahmed Hamed Abdul Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Displacement in the poetry of Jamal al-Din ibn Ali al-Khulai'i: an analytical study of selected models
This work examines the phenomenon of deviation in the poetry of Jamal al-Din ibn Ali al-Khulai’i, and concludes that deviation is a fundamental element in the doctrinal and emotional expression in al-Khulai’i’s poetry, making it a rich material for analysis. A man who knew the truth and followed it, and saw falsehood and rejected it. His loyalty and belief were not based on imitation or following, but rather came from insight and contemplation, and an abundance of blessings from the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them) overwhelmed and engulfed him. So he took off the cloak of hatred and put on the garment of pride and allegiance, and to dedicate himself and his literature to raising the word of God in the good and pure family (peace be upon them), and to recite the most beautiful poems about his savior and our savior, and to be among the notables of Hilla in knowledge, jurisprudence and literature.
deviation, Jamal al-Din ibn Ali, departure, stylistics
Copyright (c) 2026 Hamed Laibi Abbas Nahi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Trends in Interpreting the Manifestations of Divine Grace and Their Impact on the Sources of Islamic Legislation and the Reflection of the Doctrinal Perspective in Narrating Historical Events
The concept of divine emanation in the sources of Islamic legislation, namely the Holy Quran and the Prophetic Hadith, is of paramount importance. It encompasses all the blessings bestowed upon God's creation, including guidance to the paths of goodness and righteousness. The concept of emanation is clearly mentioned in the verses of the Wise Reminder (the Quran) as a manifestation of divine support. It appears with diverse meanings, including the emanation of divine mercy, the light of divine majesty and guidance, and the blessings of this world and the hereafter. The verse "He manages the night and the day" (Quran 17:20) is one of the most prominent manifestations of divine power, repeatedly referenced in the Holy Quran to indicate divine decrees governing the workings of the universe. From the verses concerning divine management and emanations, it is understood that God Almighty oversees the movements of the universe.
(Divine Grace, Books of Interpretation, The Holy Quran, Hadith)
Copyright (c) 2026 Lect. Jalila Faisal Bargash https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Proposals to improve integrated learning in university classrooms Developing sustainable education according to global experiences
This research aims to formulate proposals for improving blended learning in university classrooms to develop sustainable education based on global experiences. To achieve this goal, the researcher prepared a questionnaire containing (38) proposals, categorized as follows: (10, 10, 8, 10) and categorized as follows: (Proposals related to the educational institution, proposals related to the human element, proposals related to the technological aspect, and proposals related to the educational content), respectively. The questionnaire was administered to a sample of (112) faculty members from humanities colleges. The agreement rate ranged between (89-98%). The researcher analyzed the proposals based on the agreement rates as research conclusions and recommended employing blended learning in the educational process according to clear and well-studied strategies, training students and faculty members in digital citizenship, providing the necessary infrastructure and technologies, and paying attention to curriculum design. The researcher also suggested conducting similar studies in science colleges
blended learning, sustainable education, improvement proposals
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Sabreen Hani Farhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integrating Multimodal Composition into EAP Curricula to Enhance Argumentation Skills
This study examines the impact of integrating multimodal composing into the teaching of English for Academic Purposes (EAP) on learners’ argumentative writing skills. Multimodal composing, which combines text, images, sound, and spatial elements, is viewed as closely connected to critical thinking, creativity, and learner engagement compared to traditional teaching practices. The study adopts a mixed-methods research design, collecting data through in-depth interviews with EAP learners, questionnaire analysis, and the evaluation of multimodal assignments using creative rubrics. Quantitative findings reveal significant improvements in argument structure, support, and coherence, with multimodal tasks achieving higher performance scores than text-based tasks. Qualitative results indicate increased levels of critical thinking, motivation, and engagement among learners, although some challenges emerged in coordinating and aligning multiple modes. Overall, the study highlights the pedagogical value of incorporating multimodal tasks in EAP instruction and emphasizes the importance of adequate scaffolding, alignment, and instructional support to help learners effectively manage multimodal composition
multimodal composition, Academic English, argumentation skills, academic writing, digital literacy, mixed-method research
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lecturer Batool Hassan Humaidan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Religious Discourse of the Political Opposition and Its Impact on Disrupting the Umayyad Military Apparatus
This study provides an in-depth analysis of the religious discourse adopted by the principal opposition forces during the Umayyad period, namely the Alids and the Kharijites, and examines how this discourse contributed to the fragmentation of Umayyad state efforts and the disruption of its military apparatus. The study demonstrates that religious discourse was not merely an expression of opposition or dissent; rather, it functioned as an effective political and intellectual instrument employed to mobilize the masses, undermine the legitimacy of Umayyad rule, and exhaust the military resources of the state.
(Speech- Religious- Opposition- Military Machine)
Copyright (c) 2026 Assistant Professor Dr. Ishraq Ali Hussein Kassar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Selections from the Effect of Instrument Substitution in the Diwan of Abu al-Hasan ʿAli ibn Rustam al-Saʿātī (d. 604 AH): A Grammatical Study
The issue of substitution (niyābah) constitutes one of the fundamental topics in Arabic grammar, as it elucidates the nature of the relationship between lexical items and meanings on the one hand, and highlights the phenomenon of semantic extension and expansion on the other. Moreover, this topic offers a significant benefit in reducing repetition through the use of a particular particle or instrument that substitutes, in meaning, for another. Such substitution inevitably leaves an effect on any text or context to which the instrument belongs. Grammarians have differed regarding the acceptance of substitution: some rejected it and considered it anomalous, while others acknowledged it, albeit under specific conditions. The researcher adopted a descriptive–analytical approach in conducting this study.
: (Impact, Substitution, Tools, Letters, Ibn Al-Sa'ati).
Copyright (c) 2026 Lect. Dr. Ronag Faeq Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effectiveness of Digital Advertising Repetition in Building Advertising Memory: An Analytical Study of Consumer Sentiment in Light of Advertising Wear-out
This study investigates the impact of digital advertising repetition via social media on consumer memory and emotional responses, specifically exploring the phenomenon of "Digital Immunity." Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the research surveyed 100 Iraqi social media users and performed sentiment analysis on three advertising models: folk, emotional, and technical. Findings, analyzed via Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient, reveal a significant positive correlation between repetition and Brand Recall, confirming its role as a cognitive anchor. However, no statistical correlation was found between frequency and consumer annoyance, brand trust, or qualitative sentiment. This indicates that modern consumers process repetitive ads as raw information rather than persuasive emotional drivers. The study concludes that the effectiveness of repetition has shifted from a persuasive instrument to a mere cognitive trigger. It recommends that advertisers transition from quantitative frequency to qualitative creative variation to effectively bridge the gap between memory and active consumer engagement.
Advertising Repetition, Advertising Memory, Consumer Sentiment, Advertising Wear-out,
Copyright (c) 2026 : Murtadh salal , Hamza Khaled Mutshar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Systemic Thinking among the Faculty Members of Wasit University
The present study focuses on university faculty as a key component of the educational process, examining systematic thinking as a higher-order cognitive skill. It highlights how understanding social relationships enhances critical thinking and analysis. Systematic thinking expands intellectual capacity, enabling individuals to view issues holistically, identify underlying causes, and respond effectively. Due to its importance in planning and solving complex problems, increasing attention has been directed toward this type of thinking. The study aims to determine the level of systematic thinking among university faculty members and to identify differences based on gender (male/female) and academic specialization (scientific/humanities). A descriptive approach was adopted, using the scale developed by Al-Mousawi (2018). The sample consisted of 125 randomly selected faculty members. Statistical analysis showed that the level of systematic thinking among university faculty members is high.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roya Haseeb Hassan Al-Abadi, Naba jassim mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Student Engagement and Teacher Practices Using Cutting Edge Elementary at the University of Duhok
This research examines the effectiveness of the Cutting Edge Elementary textbook at Duhok University, focusing on its impact on student engagement and teaching methodology across eight Humanities and Science departments. Data were collected through researcher-completed classroom observation sheets over two semesters. Findings indicate that teaching methodology effectiveness remained consistent across departments, while student engagement varied by discipline. Humanities students demonstrated higher motivation and engagement than Science students, whose engagement levels were generally lower and less sustained. The results suggest that Cutting Edge Elementary, as a communicative General-English textbook, aligns more effectively with Humanities learners, whereas Science students may benefit from materials better tailored to their disciplinary needs. Overall, the textbook is pedagogically sound and yields positive outcomes when implemented by competent teachers, particularly when adapted to student context. These findings contribute to textbook implementation practices, teacher awareness of student motivators, and the localized adaptation of materials in higher education in Kurdistan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Deman kareem kareem, Shivan S. Toma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Conceptual Metaphors and Image Schemas in Selected Sayings of Al-Sahifa Al-Sajjadiyya: A Cognitive Semantic Study
In the present paper, I will analyze conceptual metaphors and image schemas in seven chosen sayings in Al-Sahifa Al-Sajjadiyya through the concept of cognitive semantics and especially the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) by Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 1987). The research has answers to the question below: How do the conceptual metaphors and image schemas arrange abstract spiritual ideas in these supplications? The metaphors discovered in the analysis include GUIDANCE IS A PATH, SIN IS A BURDEN, and KNOWLEDGE/FAITH IS LIGHT, and recurring image schema (PATH, CONTAINER, FORCE) to help the readers to identify abstract spiritual notions like divine orientation and moral struggle with the help of tangible and embodied experience. These findings suggest that these tendencies do not merely transform abstract concepts like mercy and repentance into real experience but also into personal and familiar experience. The study testifies the fact that Al-Sahifa employs a sophisticated cognitive system that integrates spirituality and morality that are employed to conceptualize the literature of Islamic devotions and demonstrates universal cognitive processes organizing the abstract thinking with assistance of metaphors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mokhalad Naji Kamil, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Parallel Triadic Engineering Technology in the Novel Triangle of Death by Ali Lafta Saeed
This study explores the concept of parallel triadic engineering in the novel Triangle of Death by Ali Lafta Saeed. It examines the idea of deliberate and fabricated death portrayed brutally within the country, analyzing the significance of the title through the symbolism of the “triangle” and its association with “death.” The study also highlights the emergence of gratuitous death as an artificially imposed cultural phenomenon. Furthermore, it discusses the use of the engineering triangle as a narrative technique that contributes to shaping modern literary production. The research concludes that a clear relationship exists between mathematical engineering and novelistic narration, as both form an interconnected and integrative structure supporting the central narrative idea. The findings indicate that modern technology has significantly influenced contemporary narrative forms, creating a link between scientific and theoretical dimensions. The study emphasizes that modern narrative experiences are increasingly associated with technological developments in literary works.
Technology; Engineering; Triadic Structure; Death; Novel
Copyright (c) 2026 Wasan Murshid Mahmoud https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The duality of international humanitarian law Its societal effects – an analytical reading of contemporary wars
This study examines the duality in the application of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) in contemporary armed conflicts through a comparative analytical approach grounded in critical sociological theory. It is based on the premise that the enforcement of international law is not governed by neutral humanitarian standards, but rather shaped by power dynamics and geopolitical interests. The research analyzes selected contemporary cases, including Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Ukraine, Venezuela, and Iran, to identify patterns of selective application and their societal consequences.The findings indicate that double standards constitute a structural threat to the legitimacy of the international legal order, undermining trust in international institutions while contributing to violence and social fragmentation. The study recommends reforming enforcement mechanisms, strengthening institutional independence, and ensuring the non-selective application of IHL principles.
duality - international law- Wars - its effects - humanity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Saad Talab AbdulHammad Al-Janabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Geographical Analysis of Family Size among Female Employees in the Public Education Sector in Al-Kūt District for the Year 2025
This study aims to examine the relationship between women’s employment in the public education sector and family size, as well as to explore the factors influencing their decisions regarding family size, such as age, age at marriage, educational level, housing conditions, housing ownership, and income level. The study is based on a sample of female employees working in the public education sector, to whom a questionnaire was administered. The findings led to a number of conclusions and recommendations aimed at improving the conditions of working women in the public education sector in Al-Kūt District, in a way that enables them to balance their responsibilities both outside and inside the home without negative consequences for themselves or their families.
Keywords: family , family size, women's work, education sector, population geography
Copyright (c) 2026 Duaa Nuri Khalef https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Perception of War in Brian Turner's "Here, Bullet" and Carol Ann Duffy's "War Photographer"
Throughout history, poets presented different accounts of war as well as its profound impact on human existence. Their accounts serve as a medium for conveying its atrocities and also raising empathy and sensitivity among people. Brian Turner and Carol Ann Duffy are among others who use their poetry to shed light on this traumatic event. They viewed war from different perspectives. Turner is a solider poet who offers a firsthand portrayal of the brutalities of war whereas Duffy presents a mediated representation of war from another civilian's perspective, the photographer. The current study shaped by trauma theory as both combatants and civilians suffer from PTSD. It sheds light on the physical, psychological, emotional, and ethical aspects of war. The study also presents the role of media in shaping public perception. In conclusion, the poets' verses serve as means of recovery from trauma as they attempt to give voice to the unvoiced.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hawraa Fadil Raheef https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
English Title of the Research: The Role of Community Training Centers for Women's Development in Rehabilitating Girls Who Dropped Out of Intermediate and Preparatory Schools A Community Field Study at the Community Training Center for Women's Development in Al-Wahda District
The phenomenon of school dropout has long plagued the education sector due to the crises, problems, and wars that Iraq has experienced. This problem has led to widespread illiteracy, unemployment, and the spread of organized crime due to a lack of cultural awareness. The phenomenon of school dropout constitutes an obstacle to social development. Therefore, educational institutions must spare no effort and mobilize their energies to curb this dangerous phenomenon. In this study, the researcher attempts to uncover a phenomenon that has spread among female students in middle and secondary schools. This phenomenon is one of the educational problems in our society, and its causes must be identified and the best methods for addressing it determined. One successful approach is the work of popular training centers to develop women by holding training courses for this important segment and accommodating them, with the aim of preparing trained female cadres who contribute to building a sound family.
school dropout, popular training center, women's development
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Rayaheen Qasim Hilal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of morphological structure on the direction of poetic text (Al-Waili's poetry as a model)
In this scientific research, we will dedicate our pen to discussing a poetic text by a sheikh of the Husseini pulpit, who was known for his wisdom and his easy yet profound style of oratory. His influence does not stop at one generation only, but extends to subsequent generations. This, if it indicates anything, indicates the strength and soundness of his speech, and the eloquence of his expression, which affects everyone who hears it If his prose text has such a profound impact on the reader due to its eloquence, fluency, and sophistication, then what about his poetry? Undoubtedly, his poetry is rich in morphological structures and grammatical constructions that deserve study and analysis. The grammatical aspects of his poetry have already been studied, and now After putting my trust in God, I resolved to study the morphological aspect of his poetry; I ask God for success and guidance.
structure, morphology, poetry, al-Wa'ili.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lect. Dr. Abeer Nimah Faraj Alhashemi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Mythological Dimension in the Image of the Caliphs during the Early Abbasid Period(132–232 AH / 750–847 CE)
This research examines the mythological dimension in the portrayal of caliphs during the early Abbasid period as reflected in a range of historical and literary sources. It demonstrates how historical reality became intertwined with mythological and symbolic elements in constructing the image of the caliph. This interweaving contributed to attributing a sacred and exceptional character to the caliph, thereby reinforcing his status and authority within the collective consciousness of Abbasid society. The study reveals that some historians and transmitters resorted to narratives infused with marvelous and extraordinary elements—such as associating caliphs with divine selection or noble lineage—in order to consolidate the legitimacy of Abbasid rule and affirm its rightful claim to the caliphate. This image was also shaped by the diverse cultural heritages prevalent in the early Abbasid era, particularly Persian and religious traditions, which further deepened the mythological dimension of historical discourse.
caliphs, mythology, myth, Abbasid period
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Marwa Mousa Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The impact of facial expressions on the nonverbal communication of university professors in student interaction: A descriptive and analytical study in light of communication theory
This study aims to analyze the impact of university professors' facial expressions, as a core element of nonverbal communication, on student interaction. It hypothesizes that these expressions form a visual message that directly influences the educational context, attention, and emotion. Using a descriptive-analytical approach, a questionnaire was distributed to 110 students in the Arabic Language Department at Salahaddin University for the 2025-2026 academic year. The results revealed a statistically significant correlation: positive expressions (e.g., smiles) increased student participation, while negative ones (e.g., frowns) decreased it. The findings confirm the strong explanatory power of nonverbal cues in education, supporting global evidence of their profound impact, which can sometimes surpass words. The study recommends incorporating training on conscious use of body language and facial expressions into teacher development programs to enhance classroom interaction.
Facial expressions, Nonverbal communication, The learning process, Body language, Communication theory
Copyright (c) 2026 Siwin Ali Ismail https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Poiesis of the Nonhuman: Zoopoetic Aesthetics in Elizabeth Bishop’s and Salim Barakat’s Selected Poems
The present study conducts a comparative analysis of selected poems by Elizabeth Bishop and Salim Barakat following the zoopoetic theorizing, which focuses on concepts of bodily poiesis and animal agency. It aims to identify distinct zoopoetic aesthetics. Bishop's poems show an aesthetic of material empathy, where an observational confrontation with a nonhuman prompts an ethical attitude and reaction in the human speaker. In contrast, Barakat's poems develop an aesthetic of mythic abstraction. His poems transcend the human observer who grants nonhumans a sovereign agency. Barakat's poems do not depict a history of struggle and survival but grant nonhumans a cosmic and sublime force that presents their consciousness as complete and sufficient. Essentially, the study concludes that while Bishop directly enacts the process of zoopoetics to demonstrate how the poet's material attentiveness to a nonhuman's being generates formal and moral breakthroughs, Barakat's poems embody a radical and philosophical approach of zoopoetics through imagining a non-human-centered world.
zoopoetics, Elizabeth Bishop, Salim Barakat, comparative literature, bodily poiesis, animal agency, ecopoetics, anthropomorphism, attentiveness
Copyright (c) 2026 Karrar E. Abdul-Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Geographical Analysis of Internet Network Users in the City of Kut
This study examines a geographical analysis of Internet network users at the level of residential neighborhoods in the city of Kut, given the significant role the Internet plays in contemporary life across various domains. As a result, society faces numerous economic, social, and cultural challenges, the impacts of which are reflected on both individuals and families alike. The research aims to identify the gender and age composition of Internet users, as well as to clarify their most prominent characteristics. It also highlights the negative effects associated with improper Internet use on families in the city of Kut.
Analysis – Geographical – Networks – Internet
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Prof. Dr. Wissam Abdul-Hassan Ajil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Geographical Analysis of Home-Based Industries in the City of Kirkuk
Home-based industries are of considerable importance as they represent a cultural component across both developing and developed societies alike. Increasing efforts have been directed toward their development and promotion at local and international levels, with emphasis on their economic, social, and cultural significance as expressions of national identity. Accordingly, greater attention should be given to home-based industries, as their products play a vital role in attracting tourism, achieving economic and social well-being, generating employment opportunities. The present study examines home-based industries in the city of Kirkuk with the aim of identifying their number and assessing their current status, given the distinctive geographical and historical significance of the study area. The research seeks to explore the types of home-based industries, their areas of concentration, and their spatial distribution across residential neighborhoods in Kirkuk.
, handicrafts, standard score, tailoring
Copyright (c) 2026 ا.م.د. ماهية محسن حسن (مؤلف) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Narrative Transgression in Gog Nazr by Aziz Al-Shaabani: An Analytical Study of Dual Subversion—Narrative and Social—via Metanarrative Techniques.
This study examines the representation of marginalized groups in Gog Nazr, focusing on its use of Metafiction to deconstruct two parallel structures: social exclusion and traditional narrative form. The novel engages with Iraq’s political and social upheavals, some rooted in the Ottoman period, which have pushed many individuals into marginalization and moral collapse. The study argues that the novel does not portray the marginalized as passive figures, but grants them narrative agency that destabilizes the authority of the narrator and the storytelling system. Through exposing the mechanisms of writing, the narrative reveals a troubled narrative consciousness reflecting a crisis of meaning in Iraqi reality. The study also analyzes the novel’s fragmented language and structure as aesthetic strategies that parallel the subversion of political and cultural power. It concludes that Gog Nazr produces a dual critical discourse that exposes real-world marginalization while simultaneously undermining the certainty of the novelistic form, turning narrative into a subtle act of resistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د.إحسان ناصر حسين الزبيدي (مؤلف) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Self-Discovery and Personal Transformation in Paulo Coelho’s Aleph (2010) and Hippie (2018)
This study examines the themes of journey, forgiveness, self-discovery, and interconnectedness in Paulo Coelho’s novels Aleph (2010) and Hippie (2018). Using qualitative critical analysis, the research applies close reading to explore how these themes emerge within the narratives. The analysis focuses on textual elements such as character development, narrative structure, and symbolic motifs that shape the protagonists’ transformative journeys. The study is guided by Jungian psychoanalytic theory, particularly its emphasis on inner transformation and the path toward self-realization. Through this framework, the research investigates how Coelho portrays forgiveness, spiritual awakening, and the search for personal meaning. It also analyzes variations in Coelho’s narrative techniques and their role in expressing philosophical reflections on the human condition. By comparing the two novels, the study seeks to identify recurring patterns in Coelho’s representation of spiritual and psychological growth. The findings aim to deepen readers’ understanding of how modern literature reflects human struggles.
Aleph, Hippie, Human condition, Interconnectedness, Jungian psychoanalysis, Paulo Coelho's.
Copyright (c) 2026 Assist. Lec. Muhanad Adnan AbdulRaheem Al-hayali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Charles Dickens’s "Great Expectations": Analysis of Didacticism and Morality
This paper argues that didacticism and morality are closely intertwined in ""Great Expectations"" by Charles Dickens, an illustration of his adult moral vision. Dickens goes beyond mere moralizing and employs a psychologically subtle first-person narration to examine how morals are constructed through the protagonist, Pip's, guilt, shame, and redemption. Through an examination of the novel's symbolic geography, characterization, and issues of social mobility and crime, the paper reveals how the novel compels the reader to track Pip's moral collapse and rebuild, challenging the Victorian ideals of class and respectability. The didacticism of Dickens is reflective and humanistic. It has been formed through experiencing empathy, suffering, and personal responsibility. According to the novel, moral, rather than material, "Great Expectations" inspire individuals to engage in ethical thinking, and, by extension, the role of literature in doing so.
Dickens, Great Expectations, didacticism, morality, Victorian ethics, Bildungsroman
Copyright (c) 2026 أزهر كاظم صبر، احمد كريوش جبير https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mechanisms of Connectivity and Their Impact on Textual Cohesion: Stories of Women in the Holy Qur’an as a Model
This study establishes conjunction as a fundamental tool for textual cohesion within the women’s narratives of the Holy Qur’an, providing a detailed analysis of its four primary types: additive, adversative, causal, and temporal. It aims to clarify how these linguistic units interweave to construct a unified and lucid discourse, bridging the gap between traditional grammar and modern semantic analysis. The findings demonstrate that conjunctions do not merely link sentences; they connect them within logical and contextual frameworks, ensuring a smooth sequence of events and clarity of meaning, while preserving the cohesion of the Qur’anic text. Furthermore, the study highlights a significant resonance between the ideas of classical Arab grammarians and contemporary discourse analysis. This synergy underscores the precision of the linguistic structure and the role of conjunction in creating a cohesive and meaningful text.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salah Mahmoud, Hiwa Abdullah Kareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Trajectories and frequency of dust storms in Iraq and their synoptic analysis
This study examines the frequency of dust storms in Iraq and traces their trajectories, Data recorded at ten meteorological stations distributed throughout Iraq were analyzed. the results revealed seven main trajectories for dust storms in Iraq by studying the main local and regional sources of dust, and monitoring satellite images. The results show a seasonal variation in the frequency of dust storms, with the highest frequency recorded during the spring season at (1.9) days, followed by the summer season at a frequency of (1.2) days, while the frequency rates reached (0.5) days during the winter season and (0.4) days during the autumn season. The results also indicate that the total number of dust storms affecting the climate of Iraq during the study period amounted to (1325) days. The highest frequency of dust storms was recorded in all stations during the year (2008) with a total of (93) days, and the lowest frequency was in the years (1998) and (2019) with a total of (9) days.
Dust events, Dusty systems, Storms frequency
Copyright (c) 2026 Lect. Dr.Abbas Tarrad Sachit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Analysis of the Constraints on Agricultural Activity in Al-Nuʿmāniyah District
The importance of agriculture at the present time is evident as a key economic activity in the study area, as it provides employment opportunities for the population in addition to supplying a wide variety of agricultural crops. The total area of the study region amounts to 412,875 dunams, encompassing agricultural lands, rural settlements, the center of Al-Nuʿmāniyah city, and forested areas. The agricultural land constitutes 144,316 dunams, of which 102,947 dunams were actually cultivated during the 2024–2025 agricultural season. However, agricultural activity in the study area faces numerous constraints. These include natural factors such as climate and its elements, as well as human-related challenges, including issues associated with irrigation water, marketing, urban encroachment, fires, and other obstacles.
Copyright (c) 2026 Imad Jaber Aflook Al-Quraishi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Effect of Project-based Learning on EFL Learners' Motivation to Speak; A Quantitative Analysis
Project-Based Learning (PBL) is a student-centered teaching and learning method in which students collaborate on real-world tasks that encourage active learning and meaningful language use. This study examines students’ perceptions of the influence of Project-Based Learning on their motivation to speak English, an area that has received limited attention in Iraqi EFL contexts. It also explores whether students report reductions in speaking anxiety and fear of negative evaluation, and how PBL activities support a learner-centered classroom environment characterized by collaboration, independence, and authentic language use. The study involved 57 second-year students at the University of Duhok who participated in PBL-based instruction for two academic semesters. Data were collected using a quantitative student feedback questionnaire consisting of closed-ended items. The findings suggest that students perceived PBL as increasing their motivation to speak English and reducing speaking-related anxiety. Students also reported higher levels of confidence, enjoyment, participation, and comfort when collaborating with peers. Overall, the results indicate that PBL may support speaking motivation and contribute to a more positive learner-centered classroom environment.
Project-Based Learning, Speaking Motivation, EFL Learners
Copyright (c) 2026 Hajin Ghazi Mohammed¹ and Assist. Prof. Dr. Saaed A. Saaed² https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spoken and colloquial language in modern Iraqi poetry
With refined sensitivity and linguistic awareness, the poet seeks to enrich his poetic text with simple and widely shared meanings, sometimes moving beyond established linguistic norms. In doing so, he aims to achieve artistic quality without compromising the integrity of language, instead endowing it with new connotations. This tendency has led poetry to adopt new ways of using meanings and vocabulary, particularly colloquial expressions, to reveal fresh dimensions of language. The rise of new poetic experiences has been accompanied by the development of a linguistic mode that departs from traditional frameworks and moves toward a more accessible and open expression. This tendency is most effectively realized in everyday spoken language. However, this does not imply vulgarity or stylistic weakness that might diminish poetic value. Rather, modern poets benefit from everyday language because it is dynamic and evolving, granting poetry a sense of novelty and originality, and reinforcing the close relationship between poetry and spoken language.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Mahir Sabar Fahad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Problem of Distinguishing Between Classical and Modern Arabic: A Conceptual Linguistic Approach
*]:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-WEB:d2dc49f6-93c2-48e1-a54a-2fdb79bf85ca-25" data-testid="conversation-turn-28" data-scroll-anchor="false" data-turn="assistant"> This study offers a conceptual approach to addressing the problem of distinguishing between Classical Arabic and Modern Arabic, moving beyond the rigid binary perspective that presupposes a rupture between two separate stages. It proceeds from the premise that Arabic constitutes a dynamic, multi-layered system in which linguistic elements from different historical periods coexist within an accumulated and organically continuous structure that adapts to change. The study seeks to deconstruct the ideological connotations attached to the terms Classical and Modern, examining how the former has been elevated to an ideal normative model, while the latter has acquired contradictory associations ranging from perceived weakness to renewal. It also critically analyzes the adequacy of various criteria used to delineate boundaries between the two stages. Furthermore, the study proposes a reconceptualization of the relationship as a dynamic continuum in the form of “linguistic spectrum” or “continuous” the most appropriate choice for each context.
linguistic differentiation, Classical Arabic, Modern Arabic, language change, linguistic spectrum
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Laith Sabeih Atiyah Abid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Challenges of Contemporary English Literature in the Age of the Artificial Intelligence Revolution
This research will explore how contemporary literature in English has dealt with the spectre of artificial intelligence and the entry of AI into our lives by wrestling with the complicated issues of authorship, creativity, identity and narrative form that the advent of AI has engendered. This does not treat AI like any other tech phenomenon beast, but a social/cultural phenomenon that in its turn interrupts and disrupts literary production and critical reading alike. The section to follow then links posthuman identity and Digital mediation and surveillance, especially as they relate to AI-based systems of address and the ethical contradictions they enable, to the book's primary case study Blackfish City (2018), by Sam J. Miller. The project based, in theory, on posthumanist theory, digital humanities, and cultural criticism contends that contemporary literature does not merely mirror technological change, but rather, that it wrestles with the social consequences of technological change on the one hand or human agency or social justice on the other. It concludes that artificial intelligence does not obliterate human imagination but instead transforms it into a new realm of interaction with machine creativity.
Copyright (c) 2026 م. رحاب عارف عبد الصاحب https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Peaceful Coexistence in the Islamic Perspective: An Analytical Study of the Historicity of the Concept and Its Practical Manifestations
This research is grounded in the Qur’anic foundation that affirms the unity of human origin and rejects discrimination based on race, tribe, creed, or religion, and regards peaceful coexistence and human dignity as fundamental principles governing relations among societies. The concept of Islam reflects the meaning of peace and includes an ethical and legal system that promotes conflict resolution and social harmony. Islamic history offers practical models of coexistence between Muslims and non-Muslims, particularly in Medina as the first Islamic state, where the Charter of Medina, proclaimed by Muhammad, represents an early model for organizing religious and social pluralism based on citizenship, justice, and cooperation. However, the contemporary reality of the Islamic world reveals growing challenges to such coexistence amid increasing internal conflicts and divisions among Islamic groups. This highlights the urgent need to reassess the Islamic approach to peaceful coexistence and reinterpret it in light of its textual foundations and historical experience.
Copyright (c) 2026 Assist lecturer : Hayder Abdoun Muttair AL-sarray https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable urban planning to address the risks of dust storms in Wasit Governorate
This research explores urban planning strategies to mitigate the impact of dust storms, a critical climate change challenge, through the lens of sustainable development. By analyzing meteorological data from four stations in Wasit Governorate (Al-Kut, Al-Hay, Al-Aziziyah, and Badra) between 2010 and 2021, the study identifies storm patterns and frequencies. The primary objective is to align urban growth with the eleventh Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 11) by evaluating city master plans from their inception to the present. Urban planning is utilized as a tool to reshape social behavior and environmental reality, identifying key indicators of urban fabric transformation. The study addresses planning deficiencies and the rising demand for services to minimize environmental and health risks. Findings reveal that Wasit Governorate suffers from frequent dust storms, particularly during spring and summer, necessitating modern planning approaches to enhance urban resilience and reduce climate-related damages.
Copyright (c) 2026 Haneen Kamal Jaber Al-Saidi, Asst. Lect. Bidaa Jabbar Karim Al-Aboudi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The psychological impact of morphological structures (An analytical semantic study, in selected examples from the Holy Qur’an)
This research addresses the psychological impact of morphological structures through a semantic and analytical study of selected words. The study of the psychological impact of morphological forms combines morphology, psycholinguistics, and semantics, aiming to uncover the relationships between morphological structures, their psychological significance, and their effect on the recipient. The research demonstrates that the Quranic context's selection of morphological structures was not arbitrary but rather precise, serving specific purposes with profound psychological impact, appropriate to the verse's context and intent. Furthermore, the morphological structure within the Quranic context is a precise, integrated unit, its function extending beyond its lexical meaning to form an emotional framework that influences the recipient. The purpose of writing this research and choosing the topic to demonstrate that the morphological structure in the Holy Qur'an is a spirit, not merely a lexical form, and that it is a psychological message before it is a linguistic form.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د رفل هادي مهدي القره غوليّ (مؤلف) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legitimising Privacy Breach: A Critical-Cognitive Analysis of the UK Government’s Narrative on LFR Technology
This study presents an exploratory, critical-cognitive analysis of selected UK governmental texts on live facial recognition technology. It aims to fill a gap in the literature regarding the types of cognitive strategies used in the government’s surveillance discourse to legitimise the mentioned technology and manipulate the public. To achieve its purpose, the study analyses three articles produced by official UK government institutions. It adopts van Dijk’s Ideological Square (1998) for the macroanalysis and Lakoff’s Idealised Cognitive Models (1987) for the microanalysis. It follows a qualitative analysis, with a limited quantitative analysis of the cognitive strategy frequency counts. The study finds that image schemas, metaphors, and metonymies are the most widely used cognitive strategies in the UK government’s discourse in the selected corpus. The findings highlight the importance of reinforcing the critical awareness of how language is used to legitimise surveillance, enabling the public, the media, and decision-makers to deal more consciously with government discourse in this context.
Critical-Cognitive Discourse Analysis, LFR Technology, Cognitive Strategies
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Kareem Owaid , Omar A. W. Atatfa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Islamic Economic Doctrine Between Theory and Practice
This study aims to shed light on the Islamic economic doctrine in terms of its concept, defining features, intellectual foundations, ethical principles, and the role played by authority in its development. It proceeds from the premise that the Islamic economic doctrine is not merely an alternative economic system but a comprehensive vision with doctrinal, legislative, and ethical dimensions grounded in divine revelation and framed within the objectives of Islamic law (Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah). The study defines the doctrine and its methodology in guiding economic behavior through values derived from the Qur’an and Sunnah, and examines its main features, including the prohibition of usury (ribā), the legitimacy of zakāt, and the prohibition of fraud. It emphasizes the ethical dimension as a key distinguishing feature from conventional economic systems. It also explores the role of authority in its development through moral guidance and legislative-regulatory functions, highlighting its contribution to consolidating market ethics and achieving barakah.
Islamic economics, economic school, ethics, Shariah, Preaching. Organization..
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Prof. Dr. Fawzi Khairy Kazem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Importance of Phonetic Phenomena in the Pronunciation of the Arabic Language
Phonetic phenomena in the Arabic language constitute a significant area of study, as their effects are evident in both classical and modern Arabic dialects, as well as in the various Qurʾānic recitations. This reflects the flexibility of the Arabic language and its capacity to adapt without compromising its original structural system. Modern phonetic studies have demonstrated that many of the principles established by early Arab linguists are consistent with findings in contemporary linguistics. Phonetic phenomena in Arabic represent a vital dimension that reveals the precision of its linguistic structure, the richness of its sound system, and the depth of the Arab linguistic heritage. Consequently, their study is essential for understanding the structure of the language and the secrets underlying its eloquence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khalid Malik Abdul Rahman ، Yaseen Salam Mansour، Asst. Lect. Amer Ali Matar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Pragmatic Analysis of Persuasive Strategies in Fake News in Facebook and X platforms
This study examines how online platforms such as Facebook and X contribute to the spread of fake news as a persuasive communicative practice influencing opinions, attitudes, and decision-making. It searches to fill the gap of the cognitive frames underlying fake news and analyze pragmatically how these frames function to achieve persuasion. The research adopts a descriptive design based on content analysis of sixty highly engaged fake reports by adopting cognitive blend theory, evenly selected from both platforms. Findings show that fake news frequently relies on fear, victimhood, moral polarization, and conspiracy frames, expressed through emotionally charged and strategic language. Persuasive techniques include hyperbole, implicatures, presuppositions, and indirectness to shape audience interpretation and response. These linguistic and cognitive strategies intensify message impact and credibility. The study concludes that understanding pragmatic cognitive framing is crucial for designing effective media-literacy interventions and strengthening public resistance to misinformation in digital communication environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Eman Hilal Nheir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
This study examines the commercial role of Basra between 1831 and 1869, highlighting its strategic geographical position as Iraq’s main maritime outlet and a key commercial hub connecting the Arabian Gulf and India. The year 1831 marks the end of Mamluk rule and the beginning of direct Ottoman administration, which contributed to the revival and growth of trade activities in the city. The study also ends in 1869, coinciding with the appointment of Midhat Pasha as governor of Baghdad, a period associated with further administrative reforms that strengthened Basra’s economic importance. The research is divided into three sections: the first explores Basra’s commercial development up to the nineteenth century and the growing interest of European powers in its strategic location; the second analyzes the expansion of trade during 1831–1869; and the third identifies major imports and exports. Basra exported dates, grains, wool, horses, and hides, while importing spices, silk textiles, pepper, medicines, rice, sugar, and dyes mainly from India.
Francis Rawden Gusni - Treaty of Balta Liman - Lynch Company
Copyright (c) 2026 Yarub Abdulrazzaq Abed Al-Darraji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Argumentative Hierarchy In Abu Hamzah Al-Thumali's Supplication: A Study Of Linguistic Devices
This research aims to examine the consistency between the linguistic and argumentative dimensions in Abu Hamzah al-Thumali's supplication, based on discursive references. It begins with the hypothesis that the linguistic structure of the text functions not merely as a collection of words but as a rhetorical tool to achieve specific communicative goals for the speaker—Imam Zain al-Abidin, peace be upon him—toward the addressee—Allah, the Almighty—and the audience of these rhetorical texts. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical, qualitative approach that combines grammatical analysis of the text's structures, analysis of its argumentative aspects, communicative strategies, and an examination of the argumentative framework—whether through argumentative rules and laws or linguistic devices like interrogation, emphasis, appeal, negation, etc.—to create an immediate impact on the addressee, achieve the intended result, gain acceptance of the arguments presented, and explain how selected parts of the supplication are systematically constructed. It shows how linguistic structures establish logical justifications, lead to persuasive outcomes, and produce specific communicative effects.
Keywords: Linguistic argumentation, argumentative Hierarchy, laws of the argumentative Hierarchy, linguistic devices
Copyright (c) 2026 Lect. Dr. Ali Hussein Garkan Al-Sweiti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Narrating War Trauma: Memory, Violence, and Fragmentation in Frankenstein in Baghdad and The Things They Carried
The article provides a comparison of Frankenstein in Baghdad by Ahmed Saadawi and The Things They Carried by Tim O’Brien, claiming that both works use the concept of ethical fragmentation, a conscious breaking of the narrative unity as a moral reaction to mass violence. It has three claims based on trauma theory by Cathy Caruth, Dominick LaCapra, and Marianne Hirsch, and postcolonial critique by Stef Craps: OBrien uses metafiction and Saadawi polyphony are different but ethically similar; their difference is combatant-civilian asymmetry; and dialogic reading shows the limitations of Western models of individual trauma and emphasizes collective witnessing. The paper suggests a Memory-Violence-Representation nexus and the idea of a communal mnemonic archive, which places the novel by Saadawi at the center of the world trauma literature and contributes to developing the instruments of analyzing postcolonial trauma.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibraheem Ajeel Dakhil https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The sayings of Ya'qub ibn Ishaq ibn al-Sikkit (d. 244 AH) in the works of Abu al-Hasan ibn Sidah (d. 458 AH): Criticism and comparison
This research examines the sources relied upon by Ibn Sida in his works, focusing specifically on Ibn al-Sikkit. The study compares Ibn Sida’s citations with the original accounts found in Ibn al-Sikkit’s books, such as “Al-Alfaz and Islah al-Mantiq”. It evaluates his accuracy in quoting—noting any additions or omissions—and analyzes his critical approach to selecting the most correct terms and attributing names. Furthermore, the paper highlights inconsistencies between Ibn Sida’s two major works, “Al-Mukhassas and Al-Muhkam “ and “Al-Muhit al-A'zam," where he occasionally accepts an opinion in one while rejecting the same opinion in the other. It also explores how these errors influenced later dictionaries that accepted Ibn Sida’s accounts uncritically without verifying them against original sources. The findings reveal that Ibn Sida was sometimes inaccurate in his judgments; he occasionally criticized Ibn al-Sikkit based on misconceptions or cited him without sufficient precision.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lect. Dr. Hassanein Salman Zayer Al-Rubaie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Metaphorical Substitution in Some Selected Raheem Al-Gharbawi's Verses: A Linguistic Study
The paper examines metaphor as a linguistic substitution strategy in the poetry of Al-Garbawi, with respect to both its cognitive and structural roles. Based on Lakoff and Johnson’s theory (1980), this study tries to answer definite questions, such as: what metaphors does the poet Al-Gharbawi employ in his poetry to turn the abstract entities into tangible ones?‎ and What does his use of metaphors add to the interpretation of human experience for readers?‎ To achieve this, a qualitative approach is applied, and eight poetic verses are analyzed to identify lexical metaphors and to examine how they construct meaning through substitution. The analysis identifies three prevailing types of metaphors: structural, ontological, and orientational. According to the findings, the functioning of metaphor in Al-Garbawi's poems extends beyond a stylistic and metrical decoration to a thinking process that renders abstract experience tangible and vibrant in its manifestations and conceptually readable in general. ‎
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م بسماء ماجد فالح حسن https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exploring Register Maintenance in Arabic-English Simultaneous Interpreting
In the realm of eloquence, the value of an utterance is inextricably linked to its stylistic expression. Nevertheless, maintaining register in simultaneous interpreting is a challenging task. The present study examines the maintenance of register in Arabic-English simultaneous interpreting, scrutinizing the role of nuances in navigating different linguistic and cultural systems. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, this study assesses the process of simultaneous interpreting in the November 3, 2023, speech of Sayyid Hassan Nasrallah. A comparative analysis of source and target texts highlights the challenges of maintaining register, particularly in relation to culture-specific expressions and ideological rhetoric. The findings suggest that skilled interpreters employ strategies, such as adaptation, lexical synonymy, and explanation to facilitate communicative fluidity. This paper concludes that specialized training programs must emphasize register maintenance as a fundamental skill. Additionally, it proposes that there is a need for effective evaluation procedures to assess interpreter performance in high-stakes political discourse.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م.د. مهند هادي الطالقاني، م.م. رقيب عماد جاسم، ا.م.د. كيلان محمود حسين (مؤلف)؛ م.د. مجاهد حسين طاهر زيد (مترجم) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
"Linguistic Correction and Its Role in Preserving the Relationship between the Arabic Language and Ancient Civilizations"
This study examines the role of linguistic correction in preserving across generations, and established Arabic as a reliable medium for transmitting and developing human knowledge. the relationship between the Arabic language and ancient civilizations, with a particular focus on its impact on the accuracy of translated texts, manuscripts, and heritage documents. Linguistic correction has contributed significantly to safeguarding intellectual and scientific meanings from distortion that may arise due to language differences, copying errors, or variations in translations. The study highlights how correction facilitated the standardization of scientific and philosophical terms imported from Greek, Persian, and Syriac civilizations, enabling Arabic to assimilate this heritage and reproduce it within a coherent linguistic framework. Furthermore, the research demonstrates that linguistic correction was not merely a formal procedure, but a civilizational tool that helped preserve the shared intellectual and linguistic heritage, ensured its continuity
Keywords: Linguistic Correction, Arabic Language, Ancient Civilizations, Cultural Interaction, Historical Linguistics, Language Development, Civilizational Influence.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.م نسرين خضير جبارة (مؤلف) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Morphological indicators and their effect on the morphological analysis of verses related to the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them)
This research aims to identify the most prominent morphological indicators and to clarify their significance and role in morphological analysis of Qur’anic verses. The Arabic language is distinguished by the precision of its structural system and the richness of its expressive mechanisms. Morphological indicators play a central role in linguistic studies, as they contribute to elucidating the meanings encoded within word structures and to revealing their functional roles across different contexts. Their importance extends beyond morphology to encompass other linguistic domains such as syntax and rhetoric, where they help to clarify relationships between lexical items, distinguish grammatical functions, and highlight subtle semantic distinctions as well as the aesthetic dimensions of language.
Morphological indicators, morphological analysis, morphological form, derivation, morphological context, inflectional ending, affixes, agreement
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Jawad Kadhim al-Abadi1, Falih Khudhair Shani al-Budairi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Euphemism: A Way of Violating the Cooperative Principle in Iraqi Political Speech
This study is conducted to probe the relationship of Iraqi political euphemism with the cooperative principle and politeness principle. Politician use political euphemism strategically to control the flow of information, and to conceal unpleasant realities and soften hard issues. They avoid making offensive statements by substituting terms that carry offensive connotations with more acceptable language. Data of this study is taken from an interview with a high status politician and statesman. A qualitative research methodology was employed, as the focus is on the words and expressions uttered by the politician. Grice (1975) and Leech (1983) were adopted as models of analysis. The study concluded that Iraqi politicians violate the cooperative principle by resorting to euphemistic expressions to achieve certain purposes. They tend to use certain linguistic devices like overstatements, understatements, periphrasis and metaphors. Moreover, Iraqi politicians tend to violate the cooperative principle while observing the politeness principle at the same time in their interviews.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eba’ Mudhafar yahya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Psychological Analysis of Arthur Miller’s All My Sons Through Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
The present study employs qualitative textual analysis, supported by close reading of Arthur Miller’s All My Sons, to explore the factors motivating the characters’ behaviors and actions as they strive to maintain psychological stability amid family chaos. While critics and scholars have focused on themes such as responsibility, loyalty, denial, and the American Dream, less attention has been given to examining the characters’ motivations in All My Sons through the lens of Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Drawing on Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, the study examines how the characters in All My Sons, including Joe Keller, Kate Keller, Chris Keller, and Ann Deever, are psychologically motivated to fulfill their needs. The study argues that the characters in All My Sons are driven by psychological motivational tendencies that shape their decision-making, self-esteem, love, and belonging. Thus, following Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, the analysis shows that the characters’ actions are built based on unmet physiological, self-esteem, love and belonging, and self-actualization needs. The study, then, finds that Joe Keller’s decisions stem from prioritizing physiological and safety needs, while Kate’s denial functions as a psychological defense against threats to family bonds and stability. Chris Keller’s crisis reflects the collapse of his self-esteem and identity, and Ann Deever’s pursuit of truth signals a movement toward higher-order needs.
Copyright (c) 2026 م. م. حسين نجم الكوراني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Murderer Next Door: Why are the Male Heroes Possible Murderers in Jane Eyre and Rebecca?
This evolutionary psychology study analyzes Edward Rochester in Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre and Maxim de Winter in Daphne du Maurier's Rebecca. This article uses The Murderer Next Door: Why the Mind Is Designed to Kill's evolutionary theory to examine how both works' male characters exhibit masculine issues like infidelity, jealousy, and reputation loss, which may lead male protagonists to commit murder. The imprisonment of Bertha by Rochester and Rebecca's murder by her husband are seen as evolutionary manifestations of deep-rooted desires to manipulate women, maintain male dominance, and impose their social hierarchy. Instead of romantic heroes, patriarchal authority, survival instincts, and aggression are fostered by giving these people lethal attributes, according to the report. The examination shows how Brontë and du Maurier challenge the Gothic hero stereotype by exploring the psychological and evolutionary causes of his protective behavior.
Copyright (c) 2026 أسماء مهدي صالح https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFL University Students’ Awareness Toward Artificial Intelligence as a Language Learning Partner
Recently, artificial intelligence has become a significant part of the educational system. It is characterized by transforming the education system's functioning, increasing institutions' competitiveness, and empowering teachers as well as students at all language levels. Voice aids, like Apple Siri, Google Home, and Amazon Alexa, allow students to interact with different learning materials without communicating with their teacher. The current study investigates EFL university students’ awareness of artificial intelligence in the overall educational system. It also seeks to examine the efficiency of artificial intelligence, specifically in the language learning process. The nature of this study is a descriptive one. Twenty university students were chosen to be the sample of this study. Closed-ended questions are the type of questionnaire utilized in the current study. The results of the questionnaire reveal that the majority of university students are aware of artificial intelligence tools when assisting and developing their proficiency and competency levels.
Artificial intelligence, awareness, education, language learning, teaching process, university students
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Hiba Nadhim Jebur , Prof. Dr. Qasim Hammadi Al Ibadi ,Asst. Lect. Noor Qasim Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Teaching Beyond the Method: Classroom Constraints and Pedagogical Adaptation in English Language Education
The traditional approaches in English language teaching are based on clearly defined methods that specify which approaches should be followed. These approaches determine what teaching methods should be used in classrooms, how they are implemented, and the expected role of the teacher. However, such traditional approaches are often criticized for their inability to meet the real-world demands of ELT classrooms. This paper investigates how these approaches respond to various classroom constraints. It also explores how English language teachers can move beyond traditional methods. The study is grounded in theoretical frameworks such as contextual sensitivity, pedagogical flexibility, and teacher autonomy. It adopts a qualitative and conceptual research design, drawing on ideas from both traditional ELT approaches and postmethod pedagogy. The findings suggest that teaching beyond fixed methods represents the most effective and achievable approach for ELT teachers in adapting to diverse classroom situations.
English language teaching, adaptive pedagogy, post-method, teacher agency, EFL classrooms
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst Lect: Areej Abdul Raheem Bahar Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Shelter for the Disabled: Relational Asylum for the Mentally Disabled Characters in William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury and John Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men
This paper explores how a modern asylum is portrayed in the novels The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner and Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, depicting characters who are marginalised due to mental disabilities. Through the analysis of the characters' experiences and the settings in which they find refuge, this paper highlights the role of the "relational asylums", presenting a form of shelter that is rooted in interpersonal guardianship not institutional confinement. Drawing on ideas from disability studies and the works of Michel Foucault on madness, and by placing the Foucauldian confinement in mid of dialogue alongside disability studies' critique of normativity, this paper demonstrates how the novels replace the institutional exclusion with fragile care of relatives. Faulkner and Steinbeck, hence, critique the formal institutions' failure, while offering a substitute for care, which is based on the human connection.
Keywords: disability studies, asylum, guardianship, William Faulkner, John Steinbeck, mental disability in literature.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarah Faisal Madhlum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Corpus – Based Analysis of Morphological Drift: The Role of Analogy and Regulation in the inflectional Behavior of Recent English Loanword in COHA
This study scrutinized Morphological drift from the newly borrowed loanword in English language .By the complete analyzation for the Corpus of historical American English (COHA). we investigate how the loanword or the borrowed lexical items (loanword) undergo inflectional adjustment with focusing on the interplay between analogical leveling and morphological regularization, utilizing data spanning from 1900-2019 .This research trace the development of the inflectional pattern or the paradigmatic behavior of 150 borrowed lexical items (loanword ) from different parent(etymological ) languages . The evidence suggested that regularization process prevalent in high frequency context or one could say more dominant, while morphological variability exhibit a low frequency borrowing. This research offering a valuable insight to our understanding for the cognitive mechanism, language contact, and morphological productivity driving language change.
morphological drift; loanword; corps linguistics; analogy; regularization; COHS; language change
Copyright (c) 2026 Ulla Kamal Yaseen, Inas Kamal Yaseen2, Munaa Jabur Shalash https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mapping the Multiple Intelligence Profiles of EFL Teachers and Their Alignment with Instructional Practices: Evidence from Baghdad Elementary Schools
شملت هذه الدراسة استطلاعًا لآراء 120 معلمًا للغة الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية من 24 مدرسة ابتدائية حكومية باستخدام مقياس الذكاءات المتعددة للمعلمين، واستبيان الممارسات التدريسية المكون من 45 فقرة ، مع الملاحظة الصفية. أظهرت الإحصاءات الوصفية أن الذكاء الاجتماعي كان السمة الأبرز في العينة (المتوسط = 3.95، الانحراف المعياري = 0.61)، يليه الذكاء اللغوي (المتوسط = 3.88، الانحراف المعياري = 0.64) ثم الذكاء الحركي (المتوسط = 3.71، الانحراف المعياري = 0.68)، بينما كان الذكاء الطبيعي (المتوسط = 2.68) والذكاء المنطقي الرياضي (المتوسط = 2.79) الأقل تطورًا. . أظهرت تحليلات الارتباط وجود علاقات إيجابية كبيرة بين السمات الذكائية السائدة لدى المعلمين واستراتيجيات التدريس المقابلة لها في مجال العلاقات الشخصية. وتحمل هذه النتائج آثاراً مهمة على إعداد المعلمين القائم على نظرية الذكاءات المتعددة، والتطوير المهني أثناء الخدمة، وتصميم المناهج الدراسية في قطاع تدريس اللغة الإنجليزية كلغة أجنبية في المرحلة الابتدائية في العراق.
multiple intelligences, instructional practices
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst.Prof Inas Kamal Yaseen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
When Stories Mirror the Truth: A Critical Stylistic Analysis of the Reproduction of Iraqi and American Local Societies in Selected Novels
The present study traces, qualitatively, how themes representing Iraqi and American local societies are reproduced. Jeffries’ (2010) ten textual conceptual functions (or tools) is adopted to analyse twenty-four extracts selected from Antoon’s The Corpse Washer (2010) and Morrison’s Tar Baby (1981). Antoon has criticised the Iraqi regime (1968-2003) and the US invasion of Iraq in 2003, regarding them as the main reasons for the suffering of Iraqi locals, while Morrison has condemned the white hegemony, regarding it among the reasons for raping and enslaving the local societies, and her African American is one of them. The study finds that Jeffries’ functions have been used similarly in the two novels, even though there are instances of difference, and reports the percentages. The use of unmarked (direct and active) language, the main characters’ ambitions for change, the rejection of these changes by other members of their local society, the focus on using material processes, the use of existential propositions, and the extensive use of slavery and raping vocabularies are examples of textual and conceptual tools for such a conclusion.
America, Critical stylistics, Iraq, local society, Sinan Antoon’s The Corpse Washer, Toni Morrison’s Tar Baby
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed Qadoury Abed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ideology and Neutrality in News Reporting: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Selected Fox News Reports on the US-Israel-Iran War
This paper uses a CDA approach to investigate how Fox News reporters convey the current war between US-Israel and Iran that started on February 28, 2026. It aims to examine the ideological implications that Fox News reporters convey when reporting the news. The study hypothesizes that Fox News reporters are not neutral but show a bigoted and biased ideology towards the conflicting parties. This study uses Van Dijk’s (1998) model of ‘ideological square,’ and the analysis is limited to investigating selected discourse features that are of importance in the data under study. Finally, the study concludes with some conclusions that validate the hypotheses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed M. Hashim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0