A peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on the humanities. It is the first journal published by the University of Wasit and covers all fields of the humanities as well as various languages. Research submissions come from different universities in Iraq and across the Arab world. The journal is published quarterly, and the submitted research undergoes evaluation by reviewers both within and outside the university. Publication dates for our Journal are as follows: 1st of the month of February 1st of the month of May 1st of the month of August 1st of the month of November How to register in the journal, upload the file, and respond to the editor's messages 4. September 2025 - YouTube Journal Name Wasit Journal for Human Sciences Archiving Online ISSN Print ISSN 2790-346X 1812-0512 Frequency Quarterly DOI prefix 10.31185 Editor-in-Chief Prof. Dr. Hashim Aliwi Muhammad Al-Husseini University of Wasit / College of Education for Humanities / Department of English hilewi@uowasit.edu.iq Organized by: Wasit University Acceptance Rate: 40% Review Speed: 90 days Before submission, you must ensure that your paper has been prepared using the journal's template and that it adheres to the submission guidelines. Online Submission Do you already have a username/password for WJFH? Go to Login Need a username/password? Go to Registration Registration and login are required to submit items online and to check the status of current submissions.
An employee’s adherence to working hours is a fundamental duty. Any unauthorized interruption_continuous or intermittent_threatens job stability. Interruption is defined as absence from work without a valid excuse or prior approval from the relevant authority. It differs from a strike, which does not reflect an intent to leave the job, and from job negligence, which involves failure to perform duties seriously. Interruption is not established unless two conditions are met: a period of absence defined by the administration, and the lack of a legitimate excuse. Once fulfilled, these conditions lead to legal consequences, and the employee may be considered to have resigned implicitly.This research, based on a comparative legal analysis, concludes with recommendations aimed at balancing employee rights with administrative efficiency, ensuring both accountability and fairness within the public sector employment framework.
Interruption ،Employee، Job ، Implied resignation
Copyright (c) 2025 رضاب البوربح https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Zaidism: A Historical Study of Its Origins, Revolutions
This research examines Zaidism, a Shiite sect distinguished by doctrines that set it apart from other factions. Emerging with Imam Zayd ibn Ali, it endured severe hardships before stabilizing, gaining strength, and establishing structured governance among its followers. Yemen became its main stronghold, while it later spread to Iran and Morocco, where Zaydi-led states ruled for several years. In these regions, the Zaydis faced numerous political and religious conflicts to preserve their principles, as both the Umayyads and Abbasids opposed them from the start. Despite constant opposition, they resisted fiercely, founding states governed under Zaydi doctrine in Iran, Yemen, and Morocco. The sect engaged in prolonged struggles, taking up arms against oppressive regimes, demonstrating its significance and bold stance against injustice. Yet, historical sources have often provided limited or inadequate coverage of Zaidism, leaving much of its history underrepresented and calling for deeper scholarly attention.
Keywords: (Zaidism, study, historical, origins, revolts)
Copyright (c) 2026 Munadhil Ubaid Hamad Al-Zuhairi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Articles by Literary Narrators in the Balance, the Life of Al-Nimr ibn Tulab Al-Ukli as an Example.
The research addressed the study of historical narratives in the life of the poet Al-Nimr ibn Tulab Al-Ukli. There is a clear contradiction between the poetic texts, which are considered the true historical source for translating or reading the poet's life in a correct manner, and the news, events and adventures told by the narrators, which are not suitable for commenting on the topics of the poet's creative experiences themselves. The research raised this problem and the difference between what the narrators narrated and the content of the poem, whether in pride, elegy or otherwise. In the opening panels, poets often use women's names, which are not necessarily real women who existed in reality; however, this artistic form (women's names) was exploited by narrators and newsmen, who wrote about the poet's alleged relationships with women, and these became a biography and history of his life.
Keywords are one to three phrases used to indicate the main topics of the application.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Leth Adel Mohsen Al-Lami https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Violence between negative and positive selected models : Immanuel kant and Heraclitus
What I have found in this research is that the subject of violence is a subject that has provoked a broad debate in philosophy in general and has received great attention form philosophers throughout the ages in particular and focuses this research on the analysis and interpretation of violence form two negative perspectives the positive on in ancient philosophers Hercules and n the situation of philosophers and philosophers and how they have clarified and portrayed the organizers of violence in one hand as a source of it is the one who represents the deterrent force of remedying injustice and falsehood and fighting the owners of unjust authorities the owners of malicious souls who control the oppressed people and take their rights in vain and this research highlights the need for a deeper understanding of the interactions between.
Violence is a tool of justice, violence is a driving force, violence and freedom .
Copyright (c) 2026 Manal saleh Mahdi Obaid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Gender in English and Kurdish: A Contrastive Study with Implications for Teaching
This research presents a contrastive analysis of gender in English and Kurdish, aiming to provide a clearer understanding of gender usage in both languages. The study examines key linguistic differences and similarities to offer insights that may enhance readers' comprehension of the topic. The paper examines grammatical gender in both languages using morphological, semantic, and syntactic frameworks, highlighting key similarities and differences and their pedagogical implications for learners. It explores how each language encodes gender. The results clarify gender systems in both languages and inform effective approaches to teaching grammatical gender. This analysis highlights notable distinctions and parallels in gender representation between two languages. The findings emphasize the value of incorporating linguistic gender awareness into teaching practices. By integrating these insights into curriculum design, educators foster a deeper understanding of gender dynamics and promote inclusivity. Ultimately, the study advocates for a more nuanced approach to language education across linguistic contexts.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asst. Lecturer Joanna Ismail Omer, Prof. Dr. Fatimah Rashid Hasan Al Bajalani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Between the Hammer and the Anvil: The Monument to the Unknown Soldier and the History of Iraqi National Identity
This research presents an in-depth analysis of the Monument to the Unknown Soldier in Baghdad, considering it as one of the most prominent architectural symbols that contributed to shaping and representing Iraqi national identity, particularly during the rule of the Ba'ath Party. An analytical-historical approach was adopted to understand the political and cultural context in which the monument was constructed. The study demonstrates the monument was not merely a memorial to the unknown soldier, but rather a symbolic instrument utilized by the Ba’athist regime to reconstruct the concepts of sacrifice and belonging. The findings further reveal that the symbolism embodied in the monument was closely tied to the discourse of state power, which led to the decline of its significance after 2003. The research concludes that the Monument to the Unknown Soldier reflects the problematic relationship between the state and national symbols, particularly in pluralistic societies.
National Identity, Monument to the Unknown Soldier, Political Symbolism, Iraq, Collective Memory, Political Systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Hanaa Abdul-Razzaq Ghdhayyib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Iraqi Journalists' Reliance on Citizen Journalism as a Source of Information and its Reflection on Their Professional Performance (Field Study)
This study examines the extent to which Iraqi journalists rely on citizen journalism as a source of information and how this reliance affects their professional performance. Using a descriptive methodology, the research employed a questionnaire and interviews with 100 journalists in Baghdad to analyze patterns of follow-up, utilization methods, and the professional impact of this content. The findings show that citizen journalism has become an influential element within the Iraqi media environment, providing urgent information, images, and videos that are often inaccessible through traditional channels. The results also indicate that media institutions increasingly incorporate citizen-generated content, enhancing coverage speed and diversifying information sources. However, this dependence raises professional challenges related to accuracy, verification, and the absence of editorial oversight. The study concludes that citizen journalism represents an opportunity to broaden coverage and reinforce community participation, provided that clear mechanisms for fact-checking and updated journalistic standards are adopted to ensure content reliability.
Iraqi journalists, citizen journalism, information sources, professional performance
Copyright (c) 2025 Jameel Naif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The level of availability of digital teaching skills among teachers of humanities and social subjects and the obstacles to their application
The current research aims to identify the level of availability of digital teaching skills among humanities and social sciences teachers and to uncover the most prominent obstacles that prevent humanities and social sciences teachers from using digital teaching skills. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed a questionnaire for this purpose consisting of four domains representing digital teaching skills in (30) sub-skills This questionnaire also included an assessment of the obstacles hindering humanities and social sciences teachers from using digital teaching skills. After confirming its validity, the researcher administered the questionnaire to a sample of 63 teachers. The data was then tabulated and statistically analyzed. Among the findings was that the level of digital teaching skills among humanities and social sciences teachers was weak and did not meet expectations.
digital teaching skills, humanities and social subjects, obstacles to application
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Prof. Dr. Hadeel Saleh Falih Al-Ba’aj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Iraqi Women's Awareness of Purchasing Culture on Improving Family Economics
The current study focuses on the role of women in managing family finances and how their purchasing awareness affects economic stability. The findings indicate that women with high purchasing awareness successfully create monthly budgets, seek out deals, and prefer high-quality goods, which enhances the family's ability to save and reduce debt. The success of women in this role is linked to education and experience, with the study showing a positive relationship between educational level and increased purchasing awareness. Despite gaps in certain areas, the overall trend shows progress in smart purchasing behavior. The study recommends enhancing financial literacy programs and empowering women to use modern shopping tools, emphasizing that women's purchasing awareness supports the national economy by promoting rational consumption and achieving financial stability for future generations.
The Iraqi Woman’s Awareness, Purchasing Culture, Improving Household Finances.
Copyright (c) 2026 رشا علي صالح https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Interpretation of the Verses of Wilayah in Surah Al-Ma’idah and the Difference between Al-Zamakhshari and Al-Tabarsi: An Analytical Study
This research refers to the descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach. It clarifies the concept of tafsir (Qur’anic exegesis), explores the meaning of wilayah, introduces Surah Al-Ma’idah, and examines the interpretation of the verses of wilayah in the Holy Qur’an. The study further investigates the differences between two prominent scholars in the interpretation of the Qur’an, each of whom holds a significant status among Muslims: Al-Tabarsi in his Jami‘ al-Jawami‘ and Al-Zamakhshari in his Al-Kashshaf. The focus of this research is to uncover their exegetical culture, methodologies, and reliance on interpreting the Qur’an through the Qur’an itself as well as through transmitted narrations. It is essential to explore their interpretations and viewpoints concerning the verses of wilayah and the reasons behind their revelation. The research aims to highlight the differences in interpretation between these two renowned scholars and to demonstrate the variations in their exegetical approaches.
Verses of Wilayah, Jami‘ al-Jawami‘, Al-Kashshaf
Copyright (c) 2026 Hassan Farhan Athab Al-Budeiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Female Character in (Sidqi Haruri's) Novels
This study examines the role of women in the novels of Kurdish author Sidqi Haruri, arguing that his female characters go beyond serving the narrative to reflect the complex social realities and challenges faced by Kurdish women. Through a critical analytical approach, the study shows that Haruri uses these characters to convey themes of freedom from social constraints and gender justice. His works reveal a moral commitment to women's issues and a rejection of gender discrimination, approached literary, social, and cultural awareness. The findings indicate that Haruri's writing forms a comprehensive cultural project, using narrative techniques to portray social reality and transforming women's roles from "marginal figures" to "active makers of narrative history" and "a voices expressing societ pain and hope. His novels thus offer a distinctive model in contemporary Kurdish literature for addressing gender – related issues through female characters who bridge reality and fiction.
Women, Novel, Sidqi Haruri, Character, Society
Copyright (c) 2026 Dastan Taha Abdullah Hamo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Multimodal Discours Analysis of Street Art Politics of Banksy's Artworks
This study addresses complex forms of multimodal communication, where graffiti artists display their drawings to attract an audience’s attention and achieve their desired goals. Thus, this study examines how semiotic resources reveal artists’ intentions in their drawings and how viewers understand the messages underlying their drawings. The research focuses on linguistic and semiotic levels to reveal the underlying ideologies by adopting Kress & Van Leeuwen’s (2006) model to analyse six randomly selected images from Banksy’s works by applying three patterns: representation, interaction, and composition. The use of the phrase-image linking technique aims to disseminate messages widely. It is noted that most graffiti discourses carry messages related to various topics which may be political or social. The study also demonstrates that visual media are widely used in linguistic context, as linguistic and visual styles form an interconnected relationship in constructing meaning derived from context.
Multimodal Discourse Analysis, Social Semiotic, Semiotic Analysis, Social and Political Commentary
Copyright (c) 2025 Asst. lect. Farah Nadeem Khudair https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Divine Will in the Mutazila and Ash'ari Schools: An Analytical Study
The issue of Divine Will is a central topic in Islamic theology, as it relates to the relationship between God and creation, and to the concepts of divine justice and human freedom. The Mu‘tazilites emphasized God’s will through the lens of justice and transcendence, asserting that God does not will evil and that human actions arise from free choice. In contrast, the Ash‘arites highlighted God’s absolute will, holding that everything occurs by His decree and that human freedom is relative, explained through the concept of “acquisition.” This theological debate reflects an enduring quest to balance God’s omnipotence with human dignity.
Keywords (divine will, Mu'tazila, human freedom)
Copyright (c) 2026 Saja Hadi Wathiq Al-Aidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Phenomenon of Terrorism in Africa , Al-Shabaab Mujahideen Movement in Somalia as a Model
Terrorism is one of the most significant challenges threatening peace and security in Africa. In recent years, the continent has witnessed a rise in the activity of terrorist groups that exploited state fragility, poor governance, poverty, and internal conflicts. Al-Shabaab in Somalia represents a prominent example of this expansion. Established in 2006 with the aim of overthrowing the Somali government and imposing an extremist ideology, the group quickly evolved into a broader regional threat. This study examines the role of Al-Shabaab in the growth of terrorism in Africa, using historical, descriptive, and analytical methodologies. It is divided into two main sections: the first addresses the conceptual framework, and the second focuses on the movement’s activities. The study concludes that Al-Shabaab has contributed to the spread of extremism, the undermining of Somali stability, and the depletion of its resources, and recommends adopting a comprehensive counterterrorism strategy combining security efforts, development, and improved public services.
Terrorism, Africa, Al-Shabaab, Somalia, regional security.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lecturer Shaimaa Yassin Zugair Al-Rikabi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Comparative Study of the Dialogical and Familial Educational Guidance Methodology in the Two Commentaries: "Min Wahy al-Qur'an" and "al-Munir
This study explores the methodology of dialogue and educational guidance within the family through a comparative analysis of Min Wahy al-Qur’an by Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah and Al-Munir by Shaykh Wahbah al-Zuhayli. By examining Qur’anic verses that illustrate pedagogical dialogue، the study finds that both exegetes regard Qur’anic dialogue as a refined educational approach grounded in reason، awareness، and gentle counsel، free from coercion and dominance. Fadlallah highlights its psychological and emotional role in inspiring human potential and linking it to faith، spirituality، and community life، while al-Zuhayli emphasizes its rational and methodological aspects، focusing on argument and evidence to strengthen belief، discipline، and ethical conduct. Both emphasize key moral values—justice، honesty، piety، and loyalty—though Fadlallah views them socially and humanistically، and al-Zuhayli within a doctrinal and legislative framework. Together، they offer a comprehensive and balanced Qur’anic vision for nurturing individuals، families، and societies through constructive dialogue and moral education.
Keywords: methodology, dialogue, guidance, family, Min Wahy al-Qur’an exegesis, Al-Munir exegesis
Copyright (c) 2026 Muslim Mahdi Abdul Ali , Hamed DezAbad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Quality of Audit Reports in Light of the Revised Reporting Requirements (ISA 706)
This study examines the impact of applying International Standard on Auditing (ISA 706), which requires the inclusion of Emphasis of Matter and Other Matter paragraphs without changing the auditor’s opinion, on external audit report quality. The study aims to determine whether ISA 706 effectively enhances users’ understanding of significant financial matters. A descriptive-analytical approach was used, collecting data through a structured questionnaire distributed to banking sector employees. The responses were analyzed using SPSS to assess statistical relationships and significance. The findings indicate that proper application of ISA 706 positively improves the clarity of audit reports, enhances financial transparency, and increases users’ confidence in audit outcomes. However, the results show no significant overall effect on audit report quality as a single construct. The study recommends strengthening professional training for auditors and improving regulatory oversight to ensure effective implementation of ISA 706 and support better audit reporting practices across the entire banking sector.
External auditor report, standard requirements, modified reporting
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Farah Rafed Hamid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Disasters, Epidemics, and Pests in the Jazira Region (41–158 AH / 661–774 AD) in the Zuqnīn Chronicle Attributed to Dionysius of Telmahre (231 AH / 845 AD)
This study examines the general conditions of the Jazira region, focusing on the impact of natural disasters, epidemics, and plagues on its demographic and social structure. Between 41 and 158 AH (662–775 CE), the region experienced numerous crises, including earthquakes, floods, heavy rains, snowstorms, extreme heat, and outbreaks of diseases and pests. Drawing upon the accounts found in the Pseudo-Chronicle of Zuqnin attributed to Dionysius of Tell-Mahre, the research aims to identify the real crises that shaped the region’s historical experience. These calamities caused severe economic and social distress, leading to widespread human losses, the destruction of crops, and the death of livestock, leaving long-lasting effects on the livelihoods of the inhabitants.
Keywords: (Al-Jazeera region, natural disasters, epidemics, earthquakes, floods, diseases, political, economic, social and cultural conditions
Copyright (c) 2026 Afrah Hameed Abd al Mufarji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From the Threshold to the Space: A Reading of Ismail Sukran’s Beginnings and His Narrative Spaces — Those Who Arrive at Dawn and A Deferred Ritual as Models
The text’s opening in Ismail Sukran’s short narratives functions as a crucial threshold, bridging silence and speech, and revealing the world of the text along with its latent meanings. These openings are never incidental; they are microcosms containing the seeds of the entire story. Sukran’s openings act as concave mirrors, gathering fragments of place and casting them as provocations to the reader. They transform space into imagined geographies and assume a persona that carries the secrets of the text, speaking in the voice of absence. Each opening serves as a poetic prologue, a second title, and a reconfiguration of the world, where spatial atmosphere precedes character and shadow precedes narrative body. They challenge conventional narrative practice, inviting readers to explore deeper meanings. Sukran’s mastery lies in constructing a world that begins where the opening ends, guiding interpretation and creating a discourse that entices engagement with the text’s depths.
Opening, Short Story, Narration, Spatial Setting.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lect. Dr. Heba Qasim Balji Al-Haraq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A training program based on effective classroom teaching skills and its impact on the performance of secondary school Islamic education teachers and the development of their attitudes towards the teaching profession from the perspective of subject supervisors in Dhi Qar Governorate
The research aims to identify a training program based on effective classroom teaching skills and its impact on the performance of Islamic education teachers in secondary school and the development of their attitudes towards the teaching profession from the point of view of the subject supervisors in Dhi Qar Governorate. To achieve this goal, the researcher used two approaches, namely the descriptive approach and the experimental approach in Dhi Qar Governorate for the academic year 2024/2025, and the number of teachers, with (42) male teachers and (48) female teachers, distributed across (60) preparatory schools. The researcher chose a sample of (30) male teachers, with (12) male teachers and (18) female teachers, with one teacher from each school. To achieve the goal, the researcher built a questionnaire tool that included three main areas: (the planning area, the implementation area, and the evaluation area.
Training program, classroom teaching skills, attitude towards the teaching profession.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Sanaa Jasoor Mousa Mahdi, Prof. Dr. Nazira Ghalab, Prof. Dr. Hashim Abu Khamsin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of Persuasive Appeals in Confronting Psychological Warfare in the New Iraqi Media: Experts’ Perspectives
This study aims to explore the role of persuasive appeals in confronting psychological warfare in the new Iraqi media from the perspective of experts, particularly in the context of the 2023 Provincial Council elections. The researcher adopted the descriptive-analytical method, utilizing two main tools: a survey conducted on a sample of 100 respondents, and in-depth interviews with 10 experts in media and political analysis. The findings revealed that emotional appeals are the most effective in countering psychological campaigns, followed by logical and ethical appeals. The results also indicated that digital media has a greater impact than traditional media in mobilizing and influencing audiences; however, it faces challenges such as weak organizational structures and the spread of misinformation. The study recommends the development of media strategies based on well-designed persuasive appeals that enhance public awareness and resilience against psychological propaganda, along with investing in modern technologies and building the capacities of media professionals
Persuasive Appeals, Psychological Warfare, New Iraqi Media, Digital Media, Elections
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Al-Huda Mahmoud Hussein Al-Luhaibi Prof. Dr. Mohammad Rafiq Taheri Assoc. Prof. Mohammad Soltaniyeh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Political Marketing and Its Impact on Shaping Public OpinionA Socio-Analytical Study
The study analyzes how political marketing shapes public opinion in Iraq. It does so by examining the dimensions, characteristics, features, tools, and functions of political marketing, using an analytical approach to illustrate its influence on opinion formation. The research aims to clarify the nature and scope of political marketing and its impact on public opinion, further analyzing its effects within Iraqi society. Employing analytical methods, it interprets the impact of political marketing on shaping public opinion through a descriptive-analytical study of qualitative data. The study recommends reviewing the ethical and regulatory frameworks governing political marketing to protect collective awareness and citizens’ right to access truthful and balanced information. Ultimately, the future of political marketing depends on reconciling democratic needs with transparency and accountability, contributing to the development of a mature public opinion capable of informed decision-making
Copyright (c) 2026 Lect. Dr. Hala Ali Abbas Baydhani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Wholeness Across Time: A Lacanian Reading of Migration and Identity Formation in Sinan Antoon’s The Baghdad Eucharist
This paper analyzes Sinan Antoon’s The Baghdad Eucharist through Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalytic concepts of imaginary wholeness and the desire to fill the lack of being. Drawing on Lacan’s stages of identity formation, including the mirror stage, the symbolic order, and the real order, the study argues that desire originates from a fundamental lack that persists throughout human experience. In Antoon’s novel, this search for wholeness takes different forms in the two protagonists. Yusef, an elderly man, locates fulfillment in his memories of the past and seeks to preserve them, while Maha, a young woman, pursues completeness through migration to Europe. Through these contrasting quests, the novel reveals how displacement and memory intersect with Lacanian ideas of identity, loss, and the unattainable desire for unity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hasnaa Sadruldeen Hasan, Professor Seyed Mohammad Marandi , Mohammad Bagher Shabanpour https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effectiveness of digital public relations on e-marketing websites and its ability to enhance customers' purchasing decisions
This study aims to identify the effectiveness of digital public relations on e-marketing websites and its ability to enhance customers' purchasing decisions, as well as the key factors influencing this effectiveness. To achieve the study’s objectives, the researcher adopted the descriptive approach and relied on a specially prepared questionnaire directed to 200 university students from the city of Kut. The results showed a high degree of consistency in responses regarding the clear impact of digital public relations on enhancing customers' purchasing decisions. The study recommends increasing the number of experienced specialists in digital public relations management
Digital public relations, e-marketing sites, clients
Copyright (c) 2026 Lect. Salam Zugher Sajat Al-Ghraibawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The effect of the SNIPS strategy on achievement and attitudes towards Arabic grammar among first-year middle school female students
The current research aims to identify the effect of the SNIPS strategy on the achievement and attitude towards Arabic grammar among first-year middle school female students. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher formulated two hypotheses and adopted an experimental design with partial control for the control and experimental groups. The research community consisted of all first-year middle school female students affiliated with the Wasit Education Directorate/Al-Aziziyah District. A sample was selected intentionally, with Al-Dubuni Secondary School for Girls selected. Class (A) was chosen to represent the experimental group studying Arabic using the SNIPS strategy, with a total of (38) students. Class (B) represented the control group studying Arabic using the traditional method, with a total of (36) students. The researcher rewarded the students in both research groups with variables (mid-year grades, prior knowledge test, father's achievement, mother's achievement, and chronological age). The research tools consisted of an achievement
Achievement, Attitude, Arabic Grammar Course, First Intermediate Grade
Copyright (c) 2026 Shifa Ghani Radi Abdul-Sayyid https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Critical Analysis of the Various Interpretations of the Theory of “Unity of Existence” in Islamic Mysticism: From the Perspective of Ibn Arabi, Mulla Sadra, and Allama Tabatabai
The doctrine of Unity of Existence (wahdat al-wujud) posits that God is the ultimate reality, while the existence of creatures is merely incidental, representing manifestations of the Divine. This perspective is prevalent among certain Sufi mystics and contemporary philosophers. It asserts that the distinction between God and creatures allows the term “existence” to be used only in a shared sense, as it applies where entities are clearly distinguished. Essential existence is uniquely attributed to God and does not depend on anything else, even though all other existences derive from God's reality. Ibn Arabi, a key proponent of this doctrine, claims that everything is a manifestation of God, suggesting individuals can deepen their understanding of the Divine through personal mystical experiences. Mulla Sadra contributes a philosophical angle with the idea of “substantial motion,” while Allama Tabatabai critiques some conventional interpretations, stressing the importance of differentiating between the Creator and the created for conceptual clarity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sadiq Hassan Sadiq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tort Liability for Insulting Religious Symbols
individuals have the freedom to choose their belief according to their choice, and the freedom of belief branches out into a specific freedom with religious symbols, which is one of the basic freedoms for a reason that unites individuals in freedom of belief. These symbols vary according to religion or belief, as they are considered a place of sanctification and glorification for those who believe in them, and transgression or assault on religious symbols leads to the establishment of tortious liability. For those who caused harm based on the text of Article (204) of the Iraqi Civil Code, in addition to criminal liability, which leads to the application of the provisions of tort liability that obligate those who caused harm to compensate the injured party. The best way to remedy the damages resulting from insulting religious symbols is to compensate for something, whether monetary or non-monetary.
responsibilities, religious symbols, abuse, compensation, legally
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Jaber Ghafel Al-Akeeli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Fatimid cultural interests and their scholarly leaders during the Fatimid era(358 -400 H)
This study explores the cultural interests of the Fatimids and their role in attracting scholars during the Fatimid era, which represented a significant turning point in Islamic history. The research employs a historical-analytical approach to highlight the scientific institutions established by the Fatimids, such as Al-Azhar Mosque and Dar al-Hikma, which served as hubs for knowledge and intellectual exchange. The findings reveal that the Fatimids’ support for science and culture was not merely an intellectual renaissance but also a political and religious tool to legitimize their rule and promote Ismaili doctrine. The study recommends further comparative research on the Fatimid experience in contrast with other Islamic states.
Keywords in English Fatimid Caliphate, Medieval Islamic Culture ,Intellectual Renaissance in Egypt , Visiting Scholars , Al-Azhar Mosque ,Dār al-Ḥikma (House of Wisdom( , Islamic Libraries , Political and Intellectual Legitimacy ,Doctrinal Pluralism in Islam ,Islamic Civilization in the Middle Ages
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Raheem Obeid Jafjir Fadi Al-Doghani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Ongoing Conflict Between Alawi Ethics and Umayyad Ethics”(analytical study)
This article examines the ethical transformation in early Islamic history during the rise of the Umayyads, showing that it was not only a political shift but also a conflict between two different moral systems. The Umayyad system relied on power, deception, and separating religion from governance, while the ʿAlid system was based on justice, piety, and linking ethics with leadership, as seen in the teachings of the Prophet and Imam ʿAlī. The article draws on classical sources such as al-Imāma wa al-Siyāsa and Nahj al-Balāgha, along with modern studies on ethical systems. It concludes that this struggle between “power without ethics” and “ethics guiding power” remains present in Islamic consciousness and continues to shape the moral identity of the Muslim community.
Alawi Ethics, Umayyad Ethics, Banu Umayyah, Ethical Politics, Moral Systems
Copyright (c) 2026 Salam Jaber Hadawi Hassoun Al-Hassoun, Prof. Dr. Mohammad Ali Mahdavi Rad , Prof. Dr. Ruhollah Shahidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Agile marketing and its role in achieving marketing Recovery.A Field Study of The Opinion of a Sample of Managers in A Number of Commercial Companies in Zakho Independent Administration
This study investigates the impact of lean marketing on marketing recovery in commercial companies operating under the Zakho Autonomous Administration amid unstable market conditions and a lack of guiding scientific research. The study focuses on five lean marketing practices: waste reduction, agility, communication, cost reduction, and innovation with continuous learning. A quantitative research approach was adopted, using a field survey conducted among 79 managers and department heads from 30 companies across various sectors. Data were collected through a standardized questionnaire. The measurement model was assessed using SmartPLS, while descriptive statistics and hypothesis testing were performed with SPSS. Structural equation modeling and direct effects analysis were also applied. The findings reveal a statistically significant positive relationship between lean marketing and marketing recovery, indicating that increased adoption of lean marketing practices enhances companies’ ability to recover from market disruptions. Overall, the results confirm that lean marketing strengthens organizational maturity by improving responsiveness, operational performance, and competitive advantage.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hayman shamsadeen ali Zakhoy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Mental Image of the Ur Gate among the Baghdad Public: A Field Study
Modern government institutions aim to build a positive public image that reflects efficiency and reliability through digital strategies that improve service quality and strengthen user trust. The “Ur Portal” represents a leading Iraqi government initiative aligned with digital transformation and e-governance trends, designed to simplify procedures and reduce time, effort, and risks of traditional transactions. This study examined the public image of the Ur Portal among Baghdad residents, assessing their awareness and satisfaction with its services. Guided by the Uses and Gratifications Theory, it employed a descriptive survey method on a sample of )500(users. Findings showed that the statement “The portal helps me shorten the time required to obtain digital government services” ranked first, with a relative percentage of )93.67(and a weighted average of )2.81(, indicating a predominantly positive mental image. Personal status services ranked highest (21.03%), and )61.8% (rated interaction as “fast.” The researcher recommends expanding the portal’s use to enhance public trust in Iraq’s digital services.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ban Fawzi Hameed Al-Masoudi, Asst. Prof. Dr. Zina Abd Al-Khaleq Abd Al-Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Final Precepts in the Exhortation of Luqman al-Hakim to His Son
This study aims to elucidate the five concluding precepts which Luqman imparted to his son in Surah Luqman. It seeks to discern the foundational principles, proprieties, and the ethical-behavioral values Luqman advocated and emphasized. Through a deep analysis, this paper demonstrates that these are not merely isolated injunctions, but rather an integrated and cohesive pedagogical framework designed to cultivate the faithful individual and the advocate for virtue that shape their creed, conduct, and ethics. This framework commences by instilling the imperative of enjoining righteousness and forbidding wrong as a social obligation, conjoined with the requisite patience toward resultant adversity. It culminates in the proprieties of social interaction, manifested through humility, the denunciation of hubris, and the maintenance of equipoise in both speech and deed. Consequently, these precepts constitute a cohesive ethical and pedagogical structure which serves as a foundation conducive to the edification of the individual and the ultimate probity of the community.
Final Precepts, Exhortation, Luqman, Integrated Framework, Cultivation of the Self-Possessed Character.
Copyright (c) 2026 Assistant Lecturer Alaa Abdul-Hussein Radi Al-Qaraghuli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital Communication Dynamics and the Formation of Social Representations of Crime in Society: A Study of the Impact of Crime-Related Programs on Social Media Platforms
This research aims to identify the role of criminal digital content and individuals' perceptions of crime, the duration of their acceptance and normalization, the decline in sensitivity towards violence, the adoption of new interpretations of criminals and crimes, and the change in individuals' cognitive priorities based on digital content. Therefore, the researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and used an electronic questionnaire with a sample of 300 respondents according to various variables. The results :believe that criminal programs, especially those of the Ministry of Interior and other digital programs, are more widespread than reported. Exposure to criminal content has led to a desensitization, which confirms the hypothesis of the gradual normalization of crime due to the repetition and rapid spread of visual materials. that the digital space is no longer merely a channel for transmitting information, but has become an influential actor in shaping cognitive and behavioral perceptions related to crime.
Keywords: Social perceptions - Communication dynamics - Content Digital crime - normalizing crime.
Copyright (c) 2026 Assistant Professor Hadeel Toman Mohammed Al-Baaj https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Islamic Thought on the Rights of Prisoners in the Time of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his family), from 1 AH to 40 AH
This article addresses prisoners' rights in Islam during the time of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). It begins by defining rights and prisoners in both linguistic and terminological contexts, then highlights Islamic principles governing the treatment of prisoners, emphasizing respect for their human dignity and guaranteeing basic rights such as life, freedom, security, and care. The article asserts that Islam sought to change barbaric practices prevalent at the time, characterized by cruelty and torture. Islam established humane principles, such as freedom of belief, protection from humiliation, prohibition of harm, and ensuring basic rights like food, shelter, and healthcare. The article reviews Prophet Muhammad's (peace be upon him) and his companions' attitudes toward prisoners, embodying humanitarian principles. The Prophet encouraged them by treating them with kindness and instructed his companions to do the same. The article concludes that these Islamic principles remain relevant today, emphasizing the importance of drawing inspiration from them to develop contemporary human rights.
Copyright (c) 2026 Haifa Adnan Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The manifestations of divine love in the poetry of forgotten Sufis: A study of the Diwan of Ibrahim Al-Dasuqi
This study examines the manifestations of divine love in the poetry of the Sufi Ibrahim Al-Dusuqi, one of the prominent Moroccan Sufi figures unjustly forgotten by history. Al-Dusuqi’s Diwan presents a distinctive model of Sufi poetry that embodies divine love not as an abstract concept, but as an existential experience in which the self dissolves into the Absolute. Grounded in the vision of the Unity of Being (Wahdat al-Wujud), the universe appears as a mirror reflecting Divine beauty, while love functions as both the driving force and ultimate aim, seeking union and annihilation in the Beloved. Beyond expressing longing and the pain of separation, the poet depicts states of Sufi intoxication (sukr), where senses and meanings merge and the lover vanishes in the presence of the Beloved. Using simple yet suggestive language rich in classical Sufi symbols such as wine, fate, and moaning, Al-Dusuqi portrays a spiritual journey from poverty and self-deprivation to ecstatic union, making his Diwan a testament to popular Sufism and experiential knowledge of the Divine essence.
Manifestations . Divine Love . Sufism . Ibrahim al-Dasuqi
Copyright (c) 2026 Lect. Dr. Manal Kamil Kurdi Al-Shuwaili https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Philosophy of Religion and the Formation of Identity in Contemporary Arab Thought: A Comparative Study of the Views of Muhammad Iqbal, Fouad Zakaria, and Abdallah Laroui
The philosophy of religion and identity is a rich and complex subject explored by intellectuals like Muhammad Iqbal, Fouad Zakaria, and Abdallah Laroui. Iqbal portrays religion as a vital force that reshapes Islamic identity, viewing it not merely as rituals, but as a source of inspiration that drives individuals toward self-realization. He asserts that Islam can motivate progress and renaissance. In contrast, Fouad Zakaria offers a critical perspective, considering religion a potential obstacle to advancement. He calls for reevaluating religion through the lens of reason and science, emphasizing the importance of separating religion from cultural heritage to build identity on rational foundations. Abdallah Laroui, however, views cultural identity as a dynamic process, asserting that religion is a component but not the sole factor. He advocates for dialogue with other cultures to strengthen identity. These thinkers’ ideas intersect, enriching the discussion on the role of religion in shaping identities in Arab and Islamic societies.
philosophy of religion, identity, Muhammad Iqbal, Fouad Zakaria, Abdallah Laroui.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hazim Zahraw Sahin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Role of the Court of Arbitration for Sportin Resolving Sports Disputes
Sports activity has developed، its types have diversified، and its relationships have become more complex. This development has been reflected in sports disputes، as it has become impossible for the ordinary judiciary to consider them، either due to its inability to do so or due to the presence of a foreign element in them. This led to the establishment of the Court of Arbitration for Sport as an international judicial body. Its statutes entered into force in 1984، and its headquarters became in Lausanne، Switzerland. The court’s objective is to adjudicate sports disputes that may arise between individuals and sports bodies. The court has jurisdiction over sports contracts، doping، and human rights issues. It is characterized by simplicity، speed، and independence in resolving sports disputes. It adjudicates these disputes either through mediation or through arbitration. Amendments have been made to its statutes and organizational structure to keep pace with the development of sports activity.
most important cases heard by the Court of Arbitration for Sport
Copyright (c) 2026 Lect. Jasim Muhammad Ali Jasim Al-Obaidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Art as Experience in The Goldfinch (2013) by Donna Tartt
This study draws on John Dewey's aesthetic philosophy as expressed in his book Art as Experience (1934) to analyze Donna Tartt's The Goldfinch (2013), exploring how concepts of aesthetic experience are manifested in the novel. Dewey's theory is based upon two main pillars. The first one: art is not an isolated activity, or restricted to museums and theaters, but rather a natural extension of daily life and its sensory and emotional manifestations. The second one: aesthetic experience is not limited to the artists alone, rather it can be undertaken by any individual, provided that he is consciously engaged in a vital interaction with the world around him. In The Goldfinch, the protagonist, Theodore Decker, undergoes a complete aesthetic (artistic) experience—though he is not an artist in the literal sense—revealing his true identity and preferences and facilitating his social reintegration after the shock of his mother's loss.
Aesthetic, Antique , Art, Experience , Trauma
Copyright (c) 2026 Teeba Dhafer Abd, Maha Qahtan Sulaiman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Treatise on Temperament by Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī: A Study and Critical Edition
This study offers a philosophical interpretation of al-Fārābī manuscript, entitled Treatise on Temperament (Risāla fī al-Mizāj). The work offers deep insight into human temperament, explaining its formation through the interaction of the four natural qualities: heat, cold, moisture, and dryness, and emphasizing the need for balance to sustain mental and physical health. The study sheds light on al-Fārābī’s conception of the interrelation between body, intellect, and ethics, emphasizing that true human perfection can be achieved only through self-cultivation and moral refinement, which constitute the very basis of philosophy. al-Fārābī integrates the ideas of Plato, Aristotle, and Galen into a unified dialogue with Islamic thought. The manuscript reveals a lesser-known aspect of his philosophy, broadening understanding of temperament and knowledge in Islamic tradition and enriching medieval philosophy, medicine, and psychology studies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Abdullah Mutlaq Al‑Assaf,Dr. Ahmed Abdullah Al-Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synoptic analysis of trough depressions and their impact on rainfall in central and southern Iraq during winter and spring
The study of upper-level pressure patterns is vital in applied climatology because they directly influence surface weather. The 500 mb pressure level is particularly important, as it reflects atmospheric dynamics and circulation systems. Among these, the cut-off low is a key phenomenon associated with instability and plays a major role in rainfall variability. This study analyzes the synoptic impact of cut-off lows on rainfall in Iraq during winter and spring from 2013 to 2023. Results indicate that cut-off lows caused 2,171 rainfall events: 1,140 during the 00 UTC observation and 1,031 during the 12 UTC observation. Seasonally, 1,119 events occurred in winter and 1,052 in spring. The higher winter frequency is linked to active deep low-pressure systems and strong westerly currents, which enhance cut-off low formation. In contrast, spring events are less effective due to weaker cold air masses and stronger temperature gradients.
Cut-off Low, 500 mb Pressure Level,Rainfall.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hind Hasan Mutashar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effective Classroom Strategies to Reduce Speaking Anxiety: A Gender-Based Study among Iraqi EFL Students
This study explores one of the main obstacles to Iraqi EFL learners’ oral performance—speaking anxiety—and investigates the effectiveness of several classroom strategies in reducing it. The strategies included small group work, role play, guided speaking with positive feedback, and technology-based recording. Using a quasi-experimental design, 120 third-year Iraqi EFL students were divided into experimental and control groups. Data were collected through a modified version of the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) and structured oral performance tests. Results revealed that the experimental group experienced a 38% reduction in speaking anxiety and showed significant improvement in oral performance, particularly in fluency, accuracy, and confidence, compared with the control group. Gender did not significantly affect the results, although female students initially reported higher anxiety levels. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating interactive, supportive, and technology-assisted approaches in Iraqi EFL classrooms and encourages gender-sensitive pedagogical practices for more effective language teaching.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asmaa Hussain Jaber Al-Araji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Social Media Advertising on Purchase Decisions: A Field Study on the Role of Trust and Advertising Preference
The rapid expansion of social media platforms has reshaped modern marketing, making digital advertising a central tool in influencing consumer behavior and purchase decisions. This study examines the impact of social media advertising on purchasing decisions among users in Wasit Governorate, focusing on the role of trust in advertising content and the preference between digital and traditional advertising. A descriptive survey method was used, and data were collected through an online questionnaire completed by 138 participants. The results show a significant influence of digital advertising in encouraging consumers to make purchase decisions, and findings indicate that advertising preference is linked to the perceived level of influence. However, no statistically significant relationship was found between income level and responsiveness to digital ads, nor were gender differences noted in trust toward advertising content. The study concludes that trust is a key determinant of consumer responsiveness and recommends enhancing content quality, transparency, and the strategic use of influencers.
social media; digital advertising; purchase decision; advertising trust; advertising preference.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lecturer Murtadha Salal Al-Maksoosi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Aesthetics of War Discourse in the Poetry of Al-Ḥārith Ibn ʿAbbād al-Bakrī.
This study seeks to uncover the deep structures upon which the aesthetics of war discourse in the poetry of al-Ḥārith ibn ʿAbbād are founded. His style is distinguished by a force generated from the contrast of positions that evolved into an individual cultural discourse endowed with artistic value and charged with a set of concepts and visions. Through this discourse, he brings together war discourse—despite its apparent chaos—and chivalry in its profound sense, encompassing courage, generosity, wisdom, and justice. In doing so, he portrays the inner stirrings of his psyche, documenting through his creative poetic lens a cultural discourse that represents the course of events bound to his harsh reality, as fate cast upon him what he did not desire. The significance of this lies in the direct reflection of these circumstances on his cultural, social, and political life, in accordance with the workings of the poetic imagination, through which they are transformed into a literary creation with distinctive cultural and semantic trajectories.
Copyright (c) 2026 م. هيثم عبد الحسين مريوش الربيعي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Proposed Guidance Program Based on Expectancy Theory for Developing Thinking Pathways among Preparatory School Students
The present study aims to design and examine the effectiveness of a proposed guidance program based on Expectancy Theory in developing thinking pathways among preparatory school students. To this end, previous studies addressing thinking pathways were reviewed. The results of this review led to the development of a Thinking Pathways Scale consisting of (15) items distributed across (3) domains. For the purposes of the study, the researcher designed a guidance program grounded in Victor Vroom’s Expectancy Theory. The program was implemented with the experimental group through (4) sessions, conducted at a rate of two sessions per week, with each session lasting (45) minutes. The collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS v27) and a number of appropriate statistical methods. The findings revealed that the guidance program had a significant effect on developing thinking pathways among the members of the experimental group. Based on these results, the study presented a set of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.
Keywords: Counseling Program, Expectancy Theory, Thinking Pathways.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed Ghanem Yahya Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Distinction of Minors from Other Age Groups and the Subjectivity of Electronic Games A Comparative Legal Study)
This study examines the distinction between minors, juveniles, and adults regarding their legal and behavioral status, highlighting the need for legal protection for minors, who are most affected by environmental and media influences. It shows that electronic games, while serving entertainment and educational purposes, may contain violent content that encourages aggressive behavior, unlike traditional games, which generally promote socially safe interactions. The study addresses the types of electronic games and their potential risks, emphasizing the need for legislation that criminalizes games inciting violence, regulates minors’ access, and protects them from negative effects and digital exploitation. Although electronic games influence all age groups, minors are most affected due to their cognitive and emotional development, characterized by high learning and imitation capacity. Since minors engage with electronic games as part of daily life, the impact of game content—whether positive or negative—is more immediate and profound.
minor; juvenile; electronic games; legal protection.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Prof. Dr. Maaly Hameed Saud Master's Student. Duaa Raheem Mohsen https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Jurisprudential Trend Permitting the Wife's Delegation of the Right to Divorce: A Study in Islamic Jurisprudence and Law
This research examines the school of thought that supports the permissibility of a husband delegating his wife the right to divorce herself, This juristic view is based on various evidences derived from the Qur’an, the Sunnah, the sayings of the Companions, and analogical reasoning, It relies on the Verse of Choice as the legislative foundation for the legitimacy of delegation, as well as on the Prophet’s incident of offering his wives the choice, and on the consensus of the Companions affirming the validity of divorce by delegation, This school maintains that delegation does not conflict with the objectives of Islamic law but rather reinforces the principle of shared decision-making within the family framework, The same view has been reflected in modern legal systems, where several Arab legislations have recognized the permissibility of delegation and the validity of divorce effected through it, thus granting this position a practical dimension in both jurisprudence and contemporary law.
delegating the right of divorce to the wife
granting the wife authority over her own marital status
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Noor Majid Mohammed Al-Akili، Asst. Prof. Dr. Hussam Abdul Wahid Kadhim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of rural health development indicators in Wasit Governorate
This research aims to analyze rural health development indicators in Wasit Governorate. To achieve this, the numerical and relative distribution was analyzed, along with variables related to health services, including health centers, physicians, dentists, pharmacists, and nursing and health professionals, for the rural population in the study area. The efficiency of these services was measured using several indicators: health center/population index, doctor/population index, dentist/population index, and pharmacist/population index. The results showed that some criteria were positive while others were negative. The researcher represented the reality of health services using Geographic Information Systems software. Most health indicators in the rural study area fall outside planning limits; health center and doctor indicators are clearly insufficient, dentist and pharmacist indicators are within acceptable limits, and health professionals and nurse indicators fall below the standard, showing shortages and high pressure in these categories.
Spatial analysis, health development, rural areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 م.د. زينب هادي جابر السعيدي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adopting Cognitive Linguistics in Selecting the Prepositions 'Among, Between and Through' in the English Language
Mastering English language requires a lot of efforts. One of these efforts is the application of cognitive linguistics that studies language depending on its relation to human experiences. This study aims to improve the Iraqi learners’ capacity in analyzing and using English prepositions in spite of their polysemantic nature via cognitive linguistic (CL) approach. Tyler and Evans’ (2003) Principled Polysemy Model is adopted for analyzing the data. Accordingly, 90 participants from the Department of English, second year, University of Baghdad have been the sample for the study. A group of prepositions have been selected to be studied via CL approach. A mixed method approach has been relied upon to collect the data using observations, focus group discussion sessions and tests. The results not only have confirmed the CL approach effectiveness in explaining the multi-meanings of prepositions and their relations, but also approved CL flexibility and accuracy.
Cognitive linguistics, English prepositions, Iraqi Learners, Spatial relations.
Copyright (c) 2026 أ.م. رغد فهمي اعجمي الجنابي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Journalistic investigation as a tool for community monitoring A theoretical analytical study in the Iraqi press))
The research discusses the art of investigative journalism as one of the most important journalistic arts. From this standpoint, the researcher tried to shed light on this journalistic art in the Iraqi press through a theoretical analysis of its reality and its role in societal issues as an effective oversight tool. The research deals with journalistic investigation in Iraq: its nature and tools, the challenges facing it, and its role in accountability and exposing corruption. The research also adopts the analytical and descriptive approach based on a literature review.Therefore, the aim of the research is to clarify that reality, and to analyze the influential role of journalistic investigation in achieving conscious societal oversight. The research concluded that journalistic investigation is an effective means of supporting accountability and enhancing community oversight. The research also provided practical recommendations to enhance the journalistic investigative environment in Iraq.
investigative journalism, community censorship, Iraqi journalism
Copyright (c) 2026 Rehab Adnan Karim , Prof. Dr. Daoud Safa, Prof. Dr. Raqeeb Rafea Al-Maadidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Grammatical Indicator of Particle in Ibn Hisham’s Explanation of the Glimpse of the Badriya in the Sciences of Arabic
The grammatical indicator of particles occupies a broad area in the Arabic language, and among those clues we find that the grammatical indicators hold a special importance. It is one of the grammatical evidence that is crucial and works in harmony with other clues to ensure the correct understanding of Arabic speech. This descriptive-analytical study focuses on the grammatical indicator of particles in Ibn Hisham’s Explanation of the Glimpse of the Badriya in the Sciences of Arabic. Through her review of The Glimpse of the Badriya and other books by Ibn Hisham, the researcher tried to present the most accurate views of Ibn Hisham and what is unique to him among different scholars. She also attempted to present Ibn Hisham’s responses to those who disagreed with him, clarifying the evidences that strengthen his opinions, which are drawn from Qur’anic verses, poetry, and expressions from the Arabs’ speech.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shno Mohammed Hadi،Prof. Dr. Dana Ahmed Mustafa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Significant Role of the Philosopher Nasir al-Din al-Tusi in Spreading Shi'ism and Islamic Culture at the Mongol Court
Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī is regarded as one of the foremost scholars of Twelver Shi‘ism and the pioneer of the philosophical approach in Shi‘i kalām. He was profoundly influenced by works on tajsīd and i‘tiqād. Considered a prodigy of his time, he excelled as a philosopher and a man of letters, mastering various fields—most notably astronomy and celestial sciences. Known as “the Teacher of Humanity,” he studied a wide range of transmitted and rational sciences and made valuable contributions to astrology. His work extended into the political sphere. He served the Ilkhanid ruler Hülegü, reaching high ranks including advisor and later vizier, overseeing the endowments of Islamic territories. His position enabled him to promote Shi‘ism, which became the official doctrine of the Mongol polity. The influential roles played by al-Ṭūsī were fruitful in ensuring continuity and establishing firm principles. The second phase of his life begins with his support for Hülegü and his subsequent return to Marāgha, the center of the emerging Mongol state.
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, Ismailism, Hulagu, Mongols, Shi'a thought)
Copyright (c) 2026 م. جليله فيصل برغش هادي المياحي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Phonetic Features in the Holy Quran - The Dialogue between Fathers and Sons as a ModelA segmental phonetic Study
This study falls within the context of a research topic centered on what we call "Phonetic Features in the Holy Quran - The Dialogue between Fathers and Sons as a Model" in light of an applied study using the descriptive method. The aim is to identify the constituent elements of the linguistic system, distinguishing between phonetic units (phonemes) within the structural framework, and to delve into the depths of the verses that contain the dialogue between fathers and sons. This is done to determine the variations in the rhythmic features of sounds and syllables, and to clarify the influence of sound in revealing melodic cohesion and the harmonious interplay of Arabic sounds in the Holy Quran.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayad Jazaa Jafer, Asst. Prof. Dr. Kurdia Ahmed Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Utilizing Virtual Reality Negotiation Simulations to Enhance Pragmatic Competence in High School Students
The study examines the impact of Virtual Reality (VR) negotiation simulations on enhancing the pragmatic competence of high school learners of English as a foreign language. Using a quasi-experimental design, it compares an experimental group trained through VR-based negotiation tasks with a control group taught through traditional classroom instruction. Pragmatic development was measured using pre/post-tests, performance tasks, and student reflections focusing on politeness strategies, turn-taking, and cultural appropriateness. Results reveal that students exposed to VR demonstrated notably higher pragmatic awareness and communicative adaptability. The immersive VR environment enabled learners to practice language in context-rich, interactive scenarios resembling real-life communication. The analysis draws on Kasper and Rose’s (2002) distinction between pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic competence, supported by Taguchi’s task-based pragmatics assessment framework. Together, these models allowed for a comprehensive evaluation of both linguistic forms and context-sensitive behaviors. Overall, the findings highlight VR simulations as an effective tool for improving pragmatic competence, boosting learner confidence, and increasing engagement.
Virtual Reality, Pragmatic Competence, Negotiation Skills, Language Learning Technology, High School Education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nuha Khidher Abdul Jalil Al-Rawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Professional Personality and Its Impact on the Formation of Smart Contracts (A Comparative Study)
The rapid advancement of the information revolution and artificial intelligence has generated unprecedented progress whose effects extend across all areas of life, particularly the legal field. One of the most notable outcomes of this development is the emergence of smart contracts, which rely on encrypted algorithms to create and execute contractual obligations, sometimes exceeding human capabilities. This evolution has led to the notion of a professional or technological personality involved in contract formation. Due to the novelty of smart contracts, several legal challenges arise regarding their nature and legal characterization. Key questions concern whether technological systems can replace individuals in concluding contracts or merely function as electronic intermediaries. Furthermore, issues related to contractual obligations and the strict liability regime applicable to breaches of smart contracts emerge, highlighting the need for careful legal analysis. These challenges underscore the necessity of legislative and legal intervention to address and regulate such developments in line with technological progress.
Professional Personality – Smart Contracts – Civil Liability
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Prof. Dr. Wasan Kazem Zarzoor Al-Difa’i https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Electronic Signature as a Legal Guarantee in Combating Administrative and Financial Corruption: A Comparative Study
This research examines electronic signature as a modern legal safeguard for enforcing the principle of legality in administrative activity, securing electronic documents, and combating administrative and financial corruption amid the accelerating digital transformation of public administration. Rapid advances in information and communication technologies have shifted administrative practice from traditional paper-based procedures to a digital framework relying on electronic data exchange and remote transaction processing, giving rise to new legal concepts, foremost among them the electronic signature. The electronic signature plays a central role in proving the issuance of administrative acts and attributing them to their lawful source, while ensuring the integrity of electronic records against tampering or unlawful alteration. Moreover, it confers legal evidentiary value on electronic documents, enhances transparency and administrative discipline, strengthens electronic oversight, and promotes citizen participation in monitoring and reporting corruption through reliable digital means.
Electronic Signature, Administrative Legality, Combating Administrative and Financial Corruption, Digital Transformation in Public Administration المقدمة:
Copyright (c) 2026 أ. م. أحمد حمزة ناصر https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The pragmatic dimensions of personal references in the novel "The King in His Pajamas": Pronouns as a model
The research aims to identify the deliberative dimensions of personal references in the novel "The King in His Pajamas" by Khudair Faleh Al-Zaidi, as a linguistic and narrative tool that contributes to building meaning and directing discourse within the narrative text. The analysis started from the deliberative perspective that links language to its context, relying on interpretation mechanisms that explain the impact of the conversational denominator in determining the connotations of the signal. The research concluded that Al-Zaidi was able to employ the references in a deliberate and conscious use, and allowed the reader an open interpretation space that goes beyond the limits of language to more intellectual and humanitarian dimensions.
Pragmatic dimensions, personal deixis, The King in His Pajamas, pronouns.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Gharkan Sarhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Digital-Assisted Translation and Vocabulary Retention for EFL Undergraduate Learners
Digital-assisted translation has changed the process of vocabulary learning. There is very little evidence that investigates their impact on learning vocabulary. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of digital-assisted translation on vocabulary retention of EFL undergraduate learners. 30 learners were randomly divided into two groups, one experimental, using a translation application (Google Translate) to complete vocabulary activities, and one control group, using traditional tools. Both groups completed an immediate post-test and delayed retention after two weeks. The study found that, although the assisted-translation group scored above average on the immediate test, there was a severe drop of retention in the delayed test. In contrast, the control group was better in long-term retention. The study indicates a clear risk of translation applications that in turn may degrade the process of vocabulary acquisition. It is important to train learners to limit one-click translations and use more context-based strategies that enhance promoting long-term building.
Obaida Mohammed Sami Ahmed Al-Chaqmaqchi
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Obaida Mohammed Sami Ahmed Al-Chaqmaqchi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The influence of history on the political media of the Mamluk and Mongol states
History serves as a vital mirror reflecting past events, allowing us to understand the development of civilizations and the rise of states. Since the early Islamic period, historians have documented key moments that shaped the trajectory of Islam and the Muslim world. Among the most significant were the emergence of the Mamluk state and the Mongol invasion following the collapse of the Khwarazmian state. The Mongols established their rule in Persia and Iraq until their expansion was halted by the rising power of the Mamluks. Both states showed great interest in recording history, bringing historians into their circles and using historical writing as a form of political communication. Through these accounts, they highlighted their achievements, military successes, and claims to legitimacy, seeking to influence public opinion and affirm the righteousness of their rule.
History, Media, Politics, Mamluks, Mongols
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Prof. Dr. Shamkhi Yabir Owied https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Eco-critical Analysis of Human-Nature Struggles in Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights
This study focuses on the central role of the natural environment, particularly harsh weather and storms. It reveals how nature in the novel embodies an active force that shapes characters' emotions and choices, reflects their inner conflicts, and sustains a constant tension between the human and natural worlds. From this perspective, Brontë offers an early vision of modern environmental thought by highlighting the profound connection between human experience and the surrounding environment. The research methodology employs a descriptive-analytical approach using textual analysis within an eco-critical framework. The procedures include a meticulous reading of the novel to extract natural symbols, environmental allusions, and images of the relationship between humanity and nature, followed by analysis in accordance with the principles of ecocriticism. This textual analysis and the ecocritical framework aim to provide a deeper understanding of the environment's role in shaping the narrative discourse and the characters' psychology.
Human, Nature, Ecocricism, Rapport and Characters
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Mohsin Kamil Shlaka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Cultural Influence of the Bani al-Ahmar State on Neighboring Countries
During its Islamic period, al-Andalus experienced persistent conflict with the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula, a struggle that intensified in the later centuries and contributed to the gradual loss of most Muslim-held cities. Granada remained the final stronghold of Muslim rule. Despite political instability and shrinking territory, the Banu AL-Ahmar succeeded in shaping Granada into a significant cultural and intellectual center whose influence extended to North Africa and Europe. The Alhambra became a distinguished example of Islamic architecture, and its design principles and decorative features were adopted beyond al-Andalus. Granada emerged as an important center of scholarship that attracted leading thinkers and supported translation and writing activities, which facilitated the transmission of scientific and philosophical knowledge to Europe through Latin translations. In addition, Andalusi migrations and Granada’s musical heritage played a central role in shaping social traditions and musical practices in Morocco, Iberia, and parts of Europe.
Banu al-Ahmar, cultural influence, urban influence, social influence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Afrah Thajil Issa Al-Rubaie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Rhetorical Paradox in Ancient Arabic Inscriptions: A Study of Semantic and Persuasive Generative Strategies
This study aims to analyze rhetorical contradiction in ancient Arabic inscriptions, focusing on its pragmatic and argumentative functions within written discourse. The research examines Nabataean, Thamudic, Safaitic, and Lihyanite inscriptions, identifying the patterns of rhetorical contradiction and their impact on the audience within various cultural and political contexts. Findings indicate that rhetorical contradiction was not merely a stylistic device but a tool for redefining concepts, enhancing persuasion, and legitimizing political and religious authority. It was also employed to stimulate critical thinking and reshape social values. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of philosophical contradiction in shaping Arab perspectives on life and death, strength and weakness, knowledge and ignorance, reflecting a deeply rooted philosophical inclination in pre-Islamic Arab culture. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of how ancient Arabs used rhetorical contradiction as a linguistic tool with broad social and intellectual influence.
Paradox, Rhetoric, Inscriptions, Learning, Equality, Pragmatics, Argumentation, Linguistic Authority, Justice, Persuasion, Strategy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Prof. Dr. Furqan Mohammed Aziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Iraqi Nuclear Program Between National Aspirations and International Pressures: A Historical and Analytical Study (1958–2003)
This research provides a historical-analytical study of the Iraqi nuclear program from 1958 to 2003 , highlighting Iraq’s national aspirations to develop strategic nuclear capabilities within a complex regional and international environment , The study reviews the main phases of the program’s establishment and development , analyzing the accompanying political and security dimensions , It emphasizes international pressures , including military and economic interventions , UN Security Council resolutions , and the roles of international bodies such as the IAEA and UNSCOM in monitoring and undermining the program , The research further explores the balance between national sovereignty in nuclear technology development and international measures to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction , Strategic lessons are drawn , shedding light on the challenges facing nuclear projects in developing countries , particularly in the Middle East.
: Iraq, nuclear, reactor, technology, development, international, regional
Copyright (c) 2026 Lect. Dr. Linda Reda Attia Emirate https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Tribe’s Shield and the Authority of Custom, Patterns of Social Protection in the Pre-Islamic Era and Their Poetic Manifestations
Social protection in pre-Islamic Arabia was not a set of scattered practices but rather a coherent system that reflected the Arabs’ deep awareness of social solidarity It appeared in long-term and temporary alliances that reinforced tribal bonds and were confirmed through sacred rituals; in jīwār (protection), which guaranteed the safety of even the stranger; in blood money (diyāt) and ransom, which prevented cycles of vengeance and bloodshed among competing tribes; and in the renowned traditions of hospitality and shelter , Together, these mechanisms positioned social protection at the core of cultural identity, while failure to uphold them brought lasting shame upon individuals and their tribes.
Protection, Social, Pre-Islamic Literature
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Marwa Ali Hussein Al-Qurashi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bridging Gaps: Mechanism of Indeterminacy as a Narrative Strategy in Dan Brown’s Inferno
Indeterminacies and gaps are narrative strategies that engage readers and escalate the momentum of the plot. Hence, indeterminacy is an effective mechanism in thriller novels that aim to integrate readers in meaning making. In Inferno (2013), by Dan Brown (1964), the mechanism of indeterminacies is used as a narrative strategy to maintain suspense as the text contains many gaps and mysterious events to make readers fill in the blanks. The current study argues that indeterminacies and gaps in Brown’s Inferno are narrative strategies by applying Reader Response Theory and Wolfgang Iser’s notion of indeterminacy, which is demonstrated in his article titled “Indeterminacy and the Reader’s Response.” The study relies on textual analysis to find gaps and how they are used as a narrative strategy, including cliffhangers, the prologue, the epilogue, and the blend of past and present by referring to Dante’s Inferno. The findings demonstrate the importance of indeterminacies as a strategy for evoking readers’ interaction.
Indeterminacy, mechanism, Iser, cliffhangers, Dan Brown.
Copyright (c) 2026 Isra Hasan Jasim , Isra Hashim Taher, PhD https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of the Geographic Unit of Analysis on Representing Population Growth Maps: An Applied Study of the MAUP Problem in Diyala Governorate for the Period (1977–1997)
This study evaluates how the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP) influences the mapping of population growth in Diyala Governorate between 1977 and 1997 by comparing administrative units with higher-resolution grid cells. Census data and GIS-based spatial analytical tools were employed to examine how scale and zoning affect the visibility of demographic patterns. The findings show that district-level analysis produces an overly uniform spatial picture that masks internal variation, whereas sub-district units reveal clear clusters of high growth in urbanized centers and low-growth clusters in peripheral areas historically affected by out-migration. Grid-cell analysis sharpened these contrasts: coarse grids smoothed differences, while 1 km cells exposed fine-scale structures and localized demographic shifts not visible at broader scales. The study concludes that high-resolution grids provide a more accurate and unbiased representation of spatial growth and stresses the need for multi-scale approaches when interpreting population dynamics to avoid distortions caused by MAUP.
Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP), Population Growth, Multi-scale Spatial Analysis, Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Copyright (c) 2026 Assist. Prof. Dr. Zainab Mohammed Amin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transforming Trauma: Post-Traumatic Growth in Colleen Hoover’s Confess (2015)
This paper explores post-traumatic growth in Colleen Hoover’s novel Confess (2015), focusing on the emotional and psychological struggles of Owen and Auburn as they navigate grief, guilt, and confession. Drawing on trauma theory, particularly the works of Judith Herman, Peter Levine, and Dori Laub, the study argues that although trauma is deeply haunting and psychologically disruptive, it can also enable resilience and transformation. The analysis examines Auburn’s grief following the loss of her partner and her enforced separation from her child, alongside Owen’s guilt after a fatal car accident that destroyed his family. Central to the narrative is the link between art and confession as therapeutic practices of disclosure and healing. Owen’s art studio, filled with anonymous confessional artworks, functions as a sanctuary for externalizing trauma and fostering recovery. Through mutual openness, Auburn and Owen reclaim agency, heal emotional wounds, and resist trauma’s silencing force.
Trauma; narrative healing; creative expression; catharsis; communal storytelling.
Copyright (c) 2026 , Ali Abduljaleel Mohammed Abas Azhar Hameed Mankhi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Vocabulary of Water in the Poetry of Labid ibn Rabiah
The Arabs lived in a harsh and barren desert environment where water was scarce. As a result, water became central to their daily lives, and this deep importance was strongly reflected in their poetry. In many poems, water appears as a symbol of survival, generosity, fertility and the continuity of life. Because of its vital role, water related vocabulary became especially common in early Arabic poetry particularly in the works of Labid ibn Rabiah. His verses include a rich variety of terms such as al-ghayth (beneficial rain), al-matar (rain), al-sahab (clouds), al-ghamam (dense clouds), al-ribab (rainclouds), al-nada (dew) and al-muzn (rain-bearing clouds). Each term carries a precise meaning that reflects how significant water was in that period. Labid paid great attention to these expressions, using them as symbols of growth and prosperity throughout most of his poetry
Copyright (c) 2026 Lect. Dr. Hind Ali Hanon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Spatial Analysis of Civil Defense Center Services in Mosul City: An Applied Study Using Location-Allocation Modeling
Civil defense services are a key pillar of urban security in cities. The efficiency of these centersCivil defense services are a key pillar for urban security, and their effectiveness depends on rapid spatial and temporal responses to emergencies, especially fires. This study analyzes the efficiency of the spatial planning of existing civil defense centers in Mosul and proposes additional locations to ensure accessibility and full urban coverage. Using Location–Allocation Modeling within Network Analysis in a GIS environment, the study considers a four-minute response time based on international standards. Results show that current centers cover only 29.6% of fire incident locations within four minutes, highlighting inefficiencies, particularly in residential neighborhoods on the city outskirts. To address this, the study recommends establishing new centers to reduce response times, enhance accessibility, and provide coverage proportional to the city’s population and area. With the proposed centers, coverage increases to 66.4% within four minutes and reaches 87.2% when a six-minute response time is applied, demonstrating significant improvement in spatial planning and emergency preparedness.
Mosul city, Civil Defense, Maximum coverage, Network analysis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Assist. Lecturer Nashwan Ali Hammadi, Lect. Dr. Hussein Ali Aran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Pragma-Semiotic Analysis of Donald Trump’s 2025 UN General Assembly Speech
This paper focuses on the pragmatics of presupposition in Donald Trump’s 2025 United Nations (UN) General Assembly address. It adopts George Yule’s (1996) framework of presupposition triggers as the primary pragmatic model and integrates it with Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) social semiotic model of representational, interactive and compositional meaning as the overall model of analysis. This paper addresses that gap through a pragma–semiotic analysis of Trump’s address. Presuppositions, understood as implicit assumptions presented as given by the speaker, are shown to operate as key strategies for influencing meaning formation and pre-structuring the audience’s response. The findings indicate that presuppositions are not only persuasive mechanisms that portray controversial stances as backgrounded and unquestionable, but also semiotic resources that shape the overall design of the speech. In this way, the address emerges as heavily reliant on presuppositional and semiotic framing to reinforce ideological accounts through implicit rather than explicit reasoning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Akram Muhammad Rashid Al‑Shaibawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The pragmatic-gnostic approach in Imam Ali's (peace be upon him) sermon on the pious: A linguistic approach to meaning-forming strategies
This research aims to uncover the mental and pragmatic mechanisms that contribute to meaning This research aims to uncover the cognitive and pragmatic mechanisms that contribute to meaning production within Imam Ali's discourse, through an analysis of the "Sermon of the God-fearing." The research seeks to demonstrate how linguistic structures interact with cognitive and communicative intentions to form a system of cognitive strategies, such as intertextuality, allusion, conceptual metaphor, and cognitive guidance of behavior.The study adopts a pragmatic-cognitive linguistic approach that combines pragmatic tools in analyzing communicative intentions with cognitive linguistic concepts in interpreting the processes of meaning construction and the mental representation of the text. The importance of this research stems from its contribution to expanding the horizons of linguistic studies of religious texts by employing modern linguistic approaches in analyzing Imam Ali's discourse and highlighting its ability to construct a cognitive awareness that connects language with action and behavior.
Cognitive pragmatics, Sermon of the God-fearing, Meaning formation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Prof. Dr. Ali Mohammed Assi Al-Azirjawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Discursive Pragmatics: A Critical Review
Discursive Pragmatics (DP) is an interdisciplinary approach that studies the role of discourse in constructing and negotiating meaning and how ideological framing may affect interpretation. This qualitative critical review addresses two questions: (1) How has DP developed theoretically and methodologically? and (2) What are its main contributions and limitations in contemporary discourse studies? The review provides a systematic overview of the historical evolution of DP, its key theoretical foundations, methodological inclinations, and major areas of application within discourse studies. Methodologically, the review adopts a qualitative analytical synthesis of key academic literature. The review highlights the role of DP in contextualised meaning-making and examines how identity, positioning, power relations, and evaluative stance are negotiated in interaction. It concludes that, despite the theoretical richness, DP still requires greater methodological pluralism to strengthen its explanatory power in both traditional and digitally mediated forms of communicative practice.
discursive pragmatics, ideology, transitivity, appraisal, meaning negotiation
Copyright (c) 2026 Asst. Lect. Rasha Hilal Kareem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Multiple Transformations in a Single Sentence
Abstract: This research explores the phenomenon of multiple transformations within a single sentence in Arabic and the factors influencing this multiplicity. The study begins by identifying the root and derived forms, the reasons for transformation, and then examines transformations in nominal and verbal sentences. It concludes by demonstrating the impact of these transformations on the multiplicity of meanings conveyed by the original sentence. This endeavor stems from the fact that Arabic possesses numerous and seemingly infinite forms of sentences, and that these cannot be governed by rules as they are in English. Indeed, the nature of Arabic sentences is inherently complex and cannot be categorized precisely.
multiplicity of transformation, single sentence, nominal sentence, verbal sentence
Copyright (c) 2026 Lect. Dr. Taysir Abdul Latif Ayoub Abdul Hafidh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Youth Graffiti and Mural Art as Forms of Discourse: A Critical Analysis of Social and Political Meaning
The study aims at examining youth mural art as a persuasive verbal and non-verbal discourse that supports or encounters socio-political ideologies in city public settings. The central goals are to discover the role of youth graffiti and mural art as communicative practices and social political fears, as well as to regulate how visual and textual components in street art articulate, challenge, or replicate ideological positions. The study used an eclectic model, combining Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis (1995) (CDA) at three levels with Kress & van Leeuwen’s Multimodal Discourse Analysis (2006) (MDA). The data were collected from websites referencing various murals from different countries, such as Belfast, Mexico City, Beirut, Cape Town, Bethlehem, and London. The study validates how mural art reflects emotional community bonds and reshapes community identities, shared memories, and conflict narratives through comprehensive visual and linguistic analysis.
Mural, graffiti, identity, political ideologies, visual discourse, youth, multimodal
Copyright (c) 2026 Lect. Dr. Afrah Abdulqader Jassim Al-Ukaydi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Pedagogical Analysis of Al-Khalil's Phonological Theory in the Context of the Kitab al-Ayn Lexicon: A Case Study of Phoneme Articulation"
This research highlights the significant role of Arabic lexicons in language teaching, particularly in the field of phonetics. It focuses on the contributions of Al-Khalil ibn Ahmad al-Farahidi, a pioneering linguist, and his seminal work "Kitab al-Ayn". The study explores the pedagogical value of Al-Khalil's phonetic lesson, specifically his classification of letters' articulation and attributes. By examining the impact of "Kitab al-Ayn" on teaching phonetics, this research aims to demonstrate the importance of Arabic lexicons in mastering the Arabic language
Arabic, Lexicons, Language Teaching, Phonetics, Al-Khalil
Copyright (c) 2026 Chia Sarkawt Namiq، Prof. Dr.Khalil Rashid Ahmad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Representations of Liquid Modernity in the Iraqi Novel “After 2003: Selected Models”
This study argues that the novel constitutes a privileged literary form for representing cultural references and registering the dynamics of social reality and its transformations. Grounded in a realistic referential horizon, the novel absorbs the pressures of historical and cultural change and rearticulates them through narrative organization, dialogue, and description.Within a cultural context increasingly defined by fluidity—where certainty, identity, and value systems are continually unsettled—the Iraqi novel has internalized this condition and transformed it into a governing narrative principle. This fluidity is manifested thematically through the disruption of stable value structures and formally through the flexibilization of narrative patterns.Such strategies reveal the Iraqi novel’s deep engagement with its cultural context and its acute responsiveness to the contemporary crisis of meaning and the erosion of certainty. By destabilizing inherited representational systems, the Iraqi novel moves beyond descriptive realism to crystallize a critical narrative consciousness of liquid modernity today globally.
Modernity, fluidity, novel, representations of modernity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr.Ali Jawad Obada https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Towards the Aesthetics of Instagram Poetry: Portraying Woman’s Healing Process in Rupi Kaur’s Selected Poems
Instagram poetry generates a legitimate marriage between plastic arts and poetic words, removing the burden of relying solely on the ear when appreciating poems. The current study bridges the gap between written poetic verses and their visual formation. It avoids separating form from content. This appears in Rupi Kaur’s attempt of translating women’s suffering into drawings, placed next to minimal texts. The current study aims to investigate the way the corporality of the Instapoem mirrors the intended message, where the abstract idea becomes tangible. It also explores the way Kaur depicts healing, not as a static process, but as a gradual and transformative one. Methodologically, this study adopts the qualitative method, integrating a close reading with textual and visual analysis. The study concludes that Kaur gives voice to shushed women through the rearticulation of trauma, where the Instapoem becomes not only a site of exhibiting women’s wretchedness but also a choric space for their healing process.
Instagram poetry, Subaltern Women, Oppression, Spivak, Abjection
Copyright (c) 2026 Milad Ghazi Saeed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Silence and Pauses in Contemporary Linguistic Approaches
This research constitutes a discourse on "discourse on silence," aiming to review researchers' approaches to silence and muteness. Its title combines the duality of silence and speech, as linguistics works with signs as material, and silence is not exempt from this definition. It represents a reluctance to produce signs within the contexts of their production, and this reluctance constitutes a specific rhetorical method that creates a duality of : silence and speech. In its initial approach, the research discusses the problematic boundaries between silence and muteness. It then delves into the origins of silence and muteness in the classical corpus. Finally, it reviews silence in linguistic approaches, arriving at three main perspectives: deconstruction, synthesis, and pragmatics. Throughout, it affirms that silence is a distinct and independent form of expression, and it is separated from other rhetorical phenomena.
silent, silence, spaces, omissions, work
Copyright (c) 2026 Hani Kenher AL-Attabi, Hussein Sadiq Dhari Al-Hamashi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Faith, Gender, and Spiritual Resistance: Reimagining Islamic Ethics in the Neoliberal Age in Mohsin Hamid’s How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia
This study indicates Mohsin Hamid's How to Get Filthy Rich in Rising Asia (2013) examines the notion of faith within the framework of neoliberal Pakistan. While the previous literary studies viewed this novel as a satire of globalization. However, these works fail to address the reconstruction of Islamic ethical subjectivity. This study fills that significant gap. The study integrates postcolonial theory with Islamic ethical ideas such as niyyah (intention) and ihsan (benevolence). It claims that the novel expresses a form of spiritual opposition to hyper-materialism. The author uses second-person narration and a self-help format to question the dichotomy between secularism and fundamentalism. The analysis shows how the protagonist and female lead use resilience to negotiate challenging moral terrains. Finally, the story reimagines Islamic teachings as a subversive form of empathy. This view offers the essential ethical framework for the postnormal period.
Keywords: Mohsin Hamid; Pakistani Muslim novel; Islamic ethics; neoliberalism; gender; postcolonial modernity; moral subjectivity; resistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 م. حسين ناصر شوين الخزعلي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0